It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand. From the examples above, conditional types might not immediately seem useful - we can tell ourselves whether or not Dog extends Animal and pick number or string! C += A is equivalent to C = C + A. What exactly is conditional chaining? operator while targeting "ES2020" or a newer language version, head over to caniuse.com and node.green and make sure that all the JavaScript engines you need to support have implemented the operator. Multiple strings can be concatenated in a single statement. It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments. could someone help please? Ternary / Conditional Operator This operator returns the data type of the operand. to your account. For falsy values, the result might not be the one you wanted or expected. How to set a newcommand to be incompressible by justification? Have a look! Not sure if it was just me or something she sent to the whole team, MOSFET is getting very hot at high frequency PWM. Already on GitHub? and nullish coalescing (??) If prettyPrint contains the value false, the expression false ?? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Type Operator This is very helpful in typescript because it shows the type of the given operand. Consider the following expression . Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A window is opened. rev2022.12.9.43105. Binary Right Shift Operator. I've encountered the same situation, and the following worked for me. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not both. could be included in TypeScript. The phrase "conditional chaining" is a misnomer used to describe two features - optional chaining and non-null assertion chaining. The TypeScript team announced the release of TypeScript 3.7, including optional chaining, nullish coalescing, assertion functions, and numerous other developer ergonomic improvements. Relational Operators test or define the kind of relationship between two entities. central limit theorem replacing radical n with n. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? trueExpression : falseExpression) in JavaScript: When the type on the left of the extends is assignable to the one on the right, then youll get the type in the first branch (the true branch); otherwise youll get the type in the latter branch (the false branch). It returns the right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null or undefined. The operator is also called "ternary", because it has three operands. This frees us from having to think about how to dig through and probing apart the structure of the types were interested in. Example New bits are filled with zeros. Conditional types help describe the relation between the types of inputs and outputs. strictNullCheck=false - null and undefined are subtypes of an existing type, so we can assign them without error. To avoid that behavior, you can surround each side of the extends keyword with square brackets. The "conditional" or "question mark" operator lets us in a shorter and simpler way assign a variable. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and Consider this example: The expression options.prettyPrint ?? It just tells TypeScript that the value is never going to be null. Nullish coalescing operator in Typescript. (And, what's it called? The major operators in TypeScript can be classified as Arithmetic operators Logical operators Relational operators Bitwise operators Assignment operators Ternary/conditional operator String operator Type Operator Arithmetic Operators Assume the values in variables a and b are 10 and 5 respectively. In Typescript, what is the ! The first operand is a condition to evaluate. On compiling, it will generate following JavaScript code. Assume the values in variables a and b are 10 and 5 respectively. The above code snippet will produce the following output , It is a unary operator. in TypeScript that can check if the variable is null or not defined like Kotlin? It is also supported in javascript now (since ES2020). TypeScript - Non-Null Assertion Operator ! TypeScript Conditional Operator Example: To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. operator instead. If you're targeting "ES2019" or an older language version in your tsconfig.json file, the TypeScript compiler will rewrite the nullish coalescing operator into a conditional expression. But yes in conditional statements or property/method access it really helps to avoid unnecessary null checks. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. options.prettyPrint || true would evaluate to true for the values null and undefined, but also for the value false. Your example would be implemented as below from Typescript 3.7 onwards : See https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-7.html#nullish-coalescing. But especially now that it is in the ES2020 spec, we will be seeing it How did muzzle-loaded rifled artillery solve the problems of the hand-held rifle? Typescript tries not to propose new syntax. If the condition is true, then expression1 . Typescript Conditional Operator: Typescript conditional operator is used as a shortcut for the if statement. in typescript, stackoverflow did not give that. : "None" typescript typescript2.0 Share Follow Well occasionally send you account related emails. I guess they want it to be supported on javascript before they will get to typescript. What exactly is conditional chaining? Changes the sign of a value. It is actually the only JavaScript operator which has that many. JavaScript programs are no different, but given the fact that values can be easily introspected, those decisions are also based on the types of the inputs. But the power of conditional types comes from using them with generics. That way, we can start using the ?? Does TypeScript have a Null-conditional operator, Does Typescript support the ?. The data on which operators work are called operands. expression again: Assuming we're targeting "ES2019" or a lower language version, the TypeScript compiler will emit the following JavaScript code: The value variable is compared against both null and undefined (the result of the expression void 0). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Unfortunately, it can't do that without sacrificing correctness. For almost all values in JavaScript, the comparison value == null is equivalent to value === null || value === undefined. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. It is worth noting that if the code were more straightforward, then TypeScript would understand that text on the return statement wasn't null. otherwise, it returns its left-hand side operand. However, the non-null assertion operator is a more concise solution to type errors that involve null or undefined. It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments. Typescript is a statically typed version of javascript, So the strictNullCheck configuration in tsconfig.json allows to avoid nullable errors. Typescript Conditional Operator Syntax: condition ? notation just means the reverted logical state of the value. Assume the value of variable A is 10 and B is 20. https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/16, However according to the latest standardization meeting notes it has been proposed, so maybe v3 :), https://github.com/tc39/agendas/blob/master/2017/07.md. Its working is similar to an if-else statement. Conditional Types At the heart of most useful programs, we have to make decisions based on input. If num is set to a value greater than zero, it returns the string positive else the string non-positive is returned. For example, lets take the following createLabel function: These overloads for createLabel describe a single JavaScript function that makes a choice based on the types of its inputs. Does TypeScript have a Null-conditional operator Ask Question Asked 5 years, 4 months ago Modified 1 year, 10 months ago Viewed 25k times 42 Is there any operator like ?. UserData = null; ngOnInit(): void . operator in our code today and still have the compiled code successfully parse and execute in older JavaScript engines. did anything serious ever run on the speccy? privacy statement. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments. I have also written some articles on it and following is a link for the same but I have noticed that very few people are using all the benefits of NULL conditional operator. A note on TypeScript non-null assertion operator | by Tar Viturawong | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. (>5) returns false. Optional chaining is often used together with nullish coalescing, which is the ability to fall back to a default value when the primary expression evaluates to null or undefined. Now, Conditional types seem like a conditional statement, although, it is same in the way that the conditional statement is used to choose the flow of code based on certain conditions and conditional types used for choosing different types for values. How to simplify check if property exist in TypeScript? Do you have any idea whether this operator is intended to be included in ES standards in the future? Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? Oh, the things we do for web compatibility. Like, Yes, as of Typescript 3.7 you can now do this via optional-chaining, Note the check for null. The conditional operator is also sometimes referred to as the ternary operator. Yes, you are right. I want to be able to quit Finder but can't edit Finder's Info.plist after disabling SIP, What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked, Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. But I think this operator is just for compiler but does nothing to check. Understanding Conditional Types in TypeScript | by Lavender Anyango Otieno. Fortunately, it looks like it advanced to Stage 1 at the January meeting. operator in our code today and still have the compiled code successfully parse and execute in older JavaScript engines. operator can be used to provide a fallback value in case another value is null or undefined. If a library has to make the same sort of choice over and over throughout its API, this becomes cumbersome. Try it Syntax leftExpr ?? Note that using the || operator here would lead to incorrect results. It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified in the second operand. Why is it so much harder to run on a treadmill when not holding the handlebars? In this window, click HTML Application for TypeScript under Visual C#. The nullish coalescing operator ( ??) expr1 : expr2. Conditional types, as the name suggests, define the types of value on the basis of conditions. For example, for simple cases, we can extract the return type out from function types: When inferring from a type with multiple call signatures (such as the type of an overloaded function), inferences are made from the last signature (which, presumably, is the most permissive catch-all case). You can use the non-null assertion operator for these cases. Let's look at the same simple ?? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The TypeScript docs are an open source project. Note a few things: Instead, we can encode that logic in a conditional type: We can then use that conditional type to simplify our overloads down to a single function with no overloads. ;// no error const d: number = b; return c + d; } Be careful when using this operator though! type PickType = Pick<MyType, "name" | "hobby">; const pickType1: PickType = { name: "yu" }; const pickType2: PickType = { name: "yu", hobby: "programming" }; This post might be helpful for a nested object. This operator can be used to test if an object is of a specified type or not. 8. is a logical operator that takes two arguments. A deep dive into the fundamnetals of TypeScripts type system. Note Same logic applies to Bitwise operators, so they will become <<=, >>=, >>=, &=, |= and ^=. Thank you. The conditional operator is the only ternary operator available in the TypeScript language. If both comparisons produce the value false, the entire expression evaluates to value; otherwise, it evaluates to fallbackValue. How to convert a string to number in TypeScript? As everybody knows, char! This ends up being such a common operation that conditional types make it easier. We have to create three overloads: one for each case when were. When I search ?. const addNumbers = (a: number | undefined, b: number) => { const c: number = a! . If we had used the || operator instead of the ?? Instead of a simple value variable, we're going to use a getValue() call expression as the left operand of the ?? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. For example, we could have inferred the element type in Flatten instead of fetching it out manually with an indexed access type: Here, we used the infer keyword to declaratively introduce a new generic type variable named Item instead of specifying how to retrieve the element type of T within the true branch. Conditional (ternary) operator Decrement (--) delete operator Destructuring assignment Division (/) Division assignment (/=) Equality (==) Exponentiation (**) Exponentiation assignment (**=) Function expression function* expression Greater than (>) Greater than or equal (>=) Grouping operator ( ) import.meta import () in operator Increment (++) In practice that means you can use it in frameworks like Angular is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand. A null propagation operator is a proposed Ecmascript feature. Refresh the. The conditional operator has right-to-left associativity. See how TypeScript improves day to day working with JavaScript with minimal additional syntax. Conditional types provide us with a way to infer from types we compare against in the true branch using the infer keyword. ), then an expression ( expression1 ). By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. If the person is null in runtime, I suppose it will cause an error. I'm using Typescript v3.7.2 but still not found this feature. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Type '"message"' cannot be used to index type 'T'. Are strongly-typed functions as parameters possible in TypeScript? So to use double question marks or null coalescing operator in Angular we should update our application to latest version of Angular (Minimum Angular 9) Update to latest versions of Angular Even though Optional Chaining and Non-Null Assertion might look similar in behavior, they have a fundamental difference between them: Non-null assertion operator will not null guard your property chain. How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? What happens here is that StrArrOrNumArr distributes on: and maps over each member type of the union, to what is effectively: Typically, distributivity is the desired behavior. Actually it might be more accurate to call it undefined-or-null-conditional operator in TypeScript. The syntax of a conditional operator is given below. operator.. Recently, I've learned about a useful TypeScript operator: The non-null assertion operator. JavaScript programs are no different, but given the fact that values can be easily introspected, those decisions are also based on the types of the inputs. First, I defined a separate class with a property that can be null: Then in my main class I set a property foo to this new type: After that, I was able to use it like this: This is the closest I could get to have a null propagation in a current version of TypeScript. If condition is true, the operator returns the value of expr1 otherwise it returns the value of expr2. Show Examples Relational Operators The nullish coalescing operator has reached Stage 4 ("Finished") of the TC39 process and is now officially part of ES2020. operator, let's recall that JavaScript values can either be truthy or falsy: when coerced to a Boolean, a value can either produce the value true or false. rightExpr Description The nullish coalescing operator can be seen as a special case of the logical OR ( ||) operator. The major operators in TypeScript can be classified as . We can write some useful helper type aliases using the infer keyword. Both don't yet exist (optional does) in JavaScript, but can be provided through TypeScript (excluding known compatibility issues with different browsers). This operator can be used where the compiler is unable to check that a variable cannot be null/undefined. I always like Typescript for strong typing and operators that make code compact. | Syncfusion | Nov, 2022 | Medium Sign In Get started 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. may be used to assert that its operand cannot be null or undefined during runtime. Pick type is useful to get types from . true still evaluates to false, which is exactly the behavior we want here. In the meantime, discussion of how to type this operator happens at #16. Logical Operators. Generating types by re-using an existing type. Provide the name of your application as "Ternary_Operator" and then click "Ok". Declared a string variable and can be assigned with string, null, and undefined. You might be wondering why the compiler emits the following expression to check the value variable against null and undefined: Couldn't the compiler emit the following shorter check instead? operator as is without any downleveling when you're targeting "ES2020" (or a newer language version) or "ESNext" in your tsconfig.json file: So, this simple expression will be emitted unchanged: If you're planning on using the ?? How do I convert a string to enum in TypeScript? Often, the checks in a conditional type will provide us with some new information. I've seen this happen in practice a handful of times, so make sure to keep this case in mind and use towards the ?? Now, let's look at a slightly more complex example. Help us improve these pages by sending a Pull Request , How to provide types to functions in JavaScript, How to provide a type shape to JavaScript objects, How TypeScript infers types based on runtime behavior, How to create and type JavaScript variables, An overview of building a TypeScript web app, All the configuration options for a project, How to provide types to JavaScript ES6 classes, Made with in Redmond, Boston, SF & Dublin. We can do this by moving the constraint out and introducing a conditional type: Within the true branch, TypeScript knows that T will have a message property. Step 2 After this session the project has been created; a new window is opened on the right side. Is is right? The concatenation operation doesnt add a space between strings. How do I dynamically assign properties to an object in TypeScript? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. It's often called as Null coalescing operator. The nullish coalescing operator ( ??) The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. Invoke("Event has raised"); Here is an illustration of how to use a null conditional operator: using System; namespace NullConditionalOperator { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Employee emp = null; GetEmpDetails(emp); Kudos to no more errors like :- I think this operator is useful and beautiful that eliminate a lot of shit code. So while using in expressions we need to be careful to avoid unexpected results. Not only is it supported in typescript (since version 3.7.2). The + operator when applied to strings appends the second string to the first. In TypeScript, optional chaining is defined as the ability to immediately stop running an expression if a part of it evaluates to either null or undefined.It was introduced in TypeScript 3.7 with the ?. Otherwise, it just returns the type it was given. The syntax is as given below , Test refers to the conditional expression, expr1 value returned if the condition is true, expr2 value returned if the condition is false, Lets take a look at the following code . It would be great if the C# null-conditional operator ?. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Example: let num = 12 console.log(typeof num); Output: As per the value assigned to the particular variable type of operator shows the result. TL;DR: Adding an exclamation mark after a variable will ignore undefined or null types. Learn more, Angular Essentials - Admin App, Typescript, Docker, c3.js, NestJs: Modern ways to build APIs with Typescript and NestJs, Master Typescript : Learn Typescript from scratch, performs division operation and returns the quotient, performs division operation and returns the remainder, Increments the value of the variable by one, Decrements the value of the variable by one, The operator returns true only if all the expressions specified return true, The operator returns true if at least one of the expressions specified return true, The operator returns the inverse of the expressions result. If you're targeting "ES2019" or an older language version in your tsconfig.json file, the TypeScript compiler will rewrite the nullish coalescing operator into a conditional expression. For those values, the negation value != null is equivalent to value !== null && value !== undefined. Step 1 Open Visual Studio 2012 and click "File" -> "New" -> "Project.". TypeScript 3.7 added support for the ?? Learn about the optional chaining (?.) Just like with narrowing with type guards can give us a more specific type, the true branch of a conditional type will further constrain generics by the type we check against. Are defenders behind an arrow slit attackable? This article and 44 others are part of the TypeScript Evolution series. The rest of this page applies for when strictNullChecks is enabled. The use of instanceof operator is discussed in the chapter classes. This would clearly not be intended. Sorry for the duplication. It is not possible to perform overload resolution based on a list of argument types. Logical Operators are used to combine two or more conditions. When conditional types act on a generic type, they become distributive when given a union type. [Last Updated: Oct 27, 2018] Previous Page Next Page The post-fix expression operator ! ), https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/16, https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-7.html#nullish-coalescing. However, there is one value for which these two checks aren't equivalent, and that value is document.all: The value document.all is not considered to be strictly equal to either null or undefined, but it is considered to be loosely equal to both null and undefined. It should be possible to chain null-conditional operators: The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: You signed in with another tab or window. operator, all of these expressions would've evaluated to their respective right operands: This behavior is why you shouldn't use the || operator to provide a fallback value for a nullable value. Therefore, the TypeScript compiler will emit the ?? Because of this anomaly, the TypeScript compiler can't emit value != null as a check because it would produce incorrect results for document.all. Like person?.getName ()?.firstName ? (exclamation mark / bang) operator when dereferencing a member? Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. This works if you have the --strickNullChecks flag turned on and are writing TypeScript (not JavaScript). Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Refactoring JavaScript / TypeScript: Avoiding repeating properties. An operator defines some function that will be performed on the data. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Not to my knowledge, there's just a operator which tells the compiler that a value won't be. NULL conditional operator or NULL propagation operator was introduced with C# 6.0 and you will find dozens of blogs and articles on NULL conditional operator. You can think of this feature - the ?? Have a question about this project? <expression_B> is the expression to be returned when the condition is false. Is there any operator like ?. It's introduced as part of Typescript 3.7 version. The actual good answer is in Andreas' comment. The expected behavior for a?.b is to return a when a is undefined or null else a.b. Effect of coal and natural gas burning on particulate matter pollution. In JavaScript, the following values are considered to be falsy: All other JavaScript values will produce the value true when coerced to a Boolean and are thus considered truthy. I have looked through the handbook but did not find anything. in TypeScript that can check if the variable is null or not defined like Kotlin? We just found ourselves using conditional types to apply constraints and then extract out types. Using Type['a'] syntax to access a subset of a type. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. how to bind *ngIf to *not* condition in template? Exclude<T, U>-- Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U. Extract<T, U>-- Extract from T those types that are assignable to U. NonNullable<T>-- Exclude null and undefined from T. ReturnType<T>-- Obtain the return type of a function type. How do you explicitly set a new property on `window` in TypeScript? Name of a play about the morality of prostitution (kind of). C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A. expression evaluates to the left operand: Notice that all left operands above are falsy values. The _a variable is then compared against null and void 0 and (potentially) used as the resulting value of the entire expression. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Is there a higher analog of "category with all same side inverses is a groupoid"? In this example, TypeScript errors because T isnt known to have a property called message. Hope you enjoy this new operator and have more robust and null safe code without having unnecessary null checks. It negates null and undefined types from variables. See this thread for the null checking explanation. Why does the distance from light to subject affect exposure (inverse square law) while from subject to lens does not? It is a boolean expression that returns either true or false. Line 2 checks whether the value in the variable num is greater than zero. Ternary/Conditional Operator. For E.g. operator: In this case, the compiler will emit the following JavaScript code (modulo whitespace differences): You can see that the compiler generated an intermediate variable _a to store the return value of the getValue() call. This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left are always zero. Types null and undefined are primitive types and can be used like other types, such as string. It takes three operands. The nullish coalescing operator is another upcoming ECMAScript feature that goes hand-in-hand with optional chaining, and which our team has been involved with championing in TC39. If t value is a string then it will show string as a type of it. (A > 10 && B > 10) is False. Pick necessary properties (Pick) In opposite to Omit above, we can pick only the necessary properties. It takes two operands and is written like this: If the left operand is null or undefined, the ?? We could constrain T, and TypeScript would no longer complain: However, what if we wanted MessageOf to take any type, and default to something like never if a message property isnt available? But, if your value is indeed null, then your code will crash. Is there a "null coalescing" operator in JavaScript? Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Assume the value of variable A is 10 and B is 20. Conditional types take a form that looks a little like conditional expressions (condition ? Take a look at the following example . This will set item to null if there is no e-mail: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! everywhere. Logical Operators are used to combine two or more conditions. We can use this operator to provide a fallback value for a value that might be null or undefined. Not the answer you're looking for? When we write code like How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? That way, we can start using the ?? At the heart of most useful programs, we have to make decisions based on input. Logical operators too return a Boolean value. Java, Kotlin, Typescript used that widely: . Lets take an example. This will work as expected if for example person is defined as, See also this similar stackoverflow question, No, as of now safe navigation operatior is still not implemented in Typescript: You can read more about this curious behavior in an answer to the Why is document.all falsy? The Typescript conditional operator is a Ternary Operator, which takes three operands. In this post, I will explain how and when to use this operator and give some examples of where it can help you. true lets us provide the default value true in case that the prettyPrint property contains the value null or undefined. The conditional operator takes three operands and returns a Boolean value based on the condition, whether it is true or false. It is then followed by a colon (:) and second expression ( expression2 ). It implements Ecmascript standard features when they reach stage 3. The phrase "conditional chaining" is a misnomer used to describe two features - optional chaining and non-null assertion chaining. Yes. Description. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. TypeScript has a powerful system to deal with null or undefined values. Actually this is related to javascript null safety discussion that is mentioned in this answer. operators, assertion functions, truly private class fields, conditional types, template literal types, adn more. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand, C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Both don't yet exist (optional does) in JavaScript, but can be provided through TypeScript (excluding known compatibility issues with different browsers). Refresh the page, check Medium 's site. As another example, we could also write a type called Flatten that flattens array types to their element types, but leaves them alone otherwise: When Flatten is given an array type, it uses an indexed access with number to fetch out string[]s element type. Agree Sign in operator, which is known as the nullish coalescing operator. && (And) The operator returns true only if all the expressions specified return true. This PR adds several predefined conditional types to lib.d.ts:. Relational operators return a Boolean value, i.e., true/ false. 1 comment pan4ever commented on May 19, 2016 on May 19, 2016 locked and limited conversation to collaborators on Jun 19, 2018 Sign up for free . <expression_A> is the expression to be returned when the condition is true. operator? (since v9 which supports typescript 3.7). question on Stack Overflow. First, I defined a separate class with a property that can be null: export class Foo { id: number; //this can be null } Then in my main class I set a property foo to this new type: // 'StrArrOrNumArr' is no longer a union. Should teachers encourage good students to help weaker ones? Explore how TypeScript extends JavaScript to add more safety and tooling. Null Conditional Operator allows us to fix as follows: event EventHandler<string> RaiseAnEvent; RaiseAnEvent?. Example. Conditional types help describe the relation between the types of inputs and outputs. expression evaluates to the right operand: Otherwise, the ?? Operator. It is followed by a question mark (? Shifting a value left by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on. InstanceType<T>-- Obtain the instance type of a constructor function type. Here, the values 7, 5, and 12 are operands, while + and = are operators. : ! Logical operators too return a Boolean value. By default null and undefined handling is disabled, and can be enabled by setting strictNullChecks to true. This intermediate variable is necessary so that the getValue function is only called once. For example, take the following: If we plug a union type into ToArray, then the conditional type will be applied to each member of that union. The following example helps us to understand this concept. Before we dive into the ?? operator - as a way to "fall back" to a default value when dealing with null or undefined . This operator is used to represent a conditional expression. The ?? Where: <your_condition> is the condition to be evaluated. 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