Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Professor MaggieKubanyiova, CLER Director. Examples of functional methods include the oral approach / situational language teaching. Students build theoretical, methodological, and empirical expertise through coursework focused on language education as well as hands-on research with faculty researchers in multilingual preK-12 school contexts. (2010).Strategic Language Learning.Multilingual Matters:Canada, 2010, Kim Yeong-seo (2009) "History of English education in Korea". Oral work was minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language. Are college graduates really able to make more money? In the field of education, finding the right topic for research is a daunting task. In the Ancient Near East, Akkadian was the language of diplomacy, as in the Amarna letters. Research Methodology Coursework: LEMC Ph.D. students will take a minimum of 24 hours of research coursework, including EDIS 7852 (Reading the Research) and EDLF 7300 (Foundations of Educational Research). Art of educating children with autism and similar disorders. Why should parents teach core life skills to their children? grammar). You are on the United States site. For example, to teach the name Mussorgsky' a teacher will pronounce the last syllable: -sky, and have the student repeat it. Phillips, J. K. (2007). The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found in conversational exchanges. Program To Address Complexities of Language Education In the U.S. Ph.D. students in the Language Education in Multilingual Contexts concentration engage in a range of activities through the program, including working on research with other students and faculty members; taking courses in educational research, language education, and related fields; preparing presentations and papers for conferences; teaching or supervising pre-service teachers; attending talks at the School of Education and Human Development and across UVA; and working alongside practitioners. All course work must be taken at the School of Education and Human Development. Ease of learning helps one build the confidence and learning Esperanto, as a learning strategy, constitutes a good introduction to foreign language study. Their possible remediations were also sou [] Use Of ICT In Teaching And Learning Of English Language To save your time and to make your topic searching process easier, here we have listed the top education research topic ideas for you to consider. For information on how we process your data, read our Privacy Policy. At least one 3-credit course taken outside the School of Education to draw upon the interdisciplinary nature of Language Education and expertise across U.Va. News Article: New Curry Ph.D. (2004). A Brief View of 5 Outstanding Pestle Analysis Examples for you to Consider. Would you like to go to the United States site? Language and education Authors: Dominic Wyse Louise Hayward University of Where is the restaurant?I want to meet your friend.How old is your sister?Did you like the movie? In its most extreme form, language learning is seen as much the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species. On the theoretical side are, for example, Francois Gouin, M.D. L. (2009). This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. The center's staff seeks to generate knowledge and to develop, evaluate, and improve technologies and resources necessary for helping individuals of all ages succeed in their language-learning endeavors. Esperanto is an artificial language created on the basis of the Indo-European languages, absorbing the reasonable factors of commonality of the Germanic languages. [1][2] There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.[3]. A dissertation is required to demonstrate that the student can carry out important, independent research in his or her field describe the project and its outcomes in lucid writing. Such a holiday often combines formal lessons, cultural excursions, leisure activities, and a homestay, perhaps with time to travel in the country afterwards. By trying out the above-suggested tips, you can easily spot an ideal topic for your research. The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain function, such as requesting something. Borg has compiled research in several areas of teacher cognition and produced an extremely readable and insightful examination of that research. Is it possible to set a global education standard? The basic education standards of different countries. Vol. Copyright 2022 by ETS. EDIS 7842: Teaching ELLs: Theory, Policy and Practice, EDIS 7840: Discourse Analysis in Educational Settings. Dont focus only on a research topic that is related to your national education system. Please note items in your basket cannot be carried over to a different region. Offers a truly global coverage of language and education Stimulates look-up and further Focused listening is very important when learning a foreign language as the slightest accent on a word can change the meaning completely. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Spolsky, B., & Hult, F.M. Language learning strategies have attracted increasing focus as a way of understanding the process of language acquisition. [4] For many centuries, Latin had been the dominant language of education, commerce, religion, and government in much of the Western world. These new methods are usually presented as coming only from the author's mind, as the authors generally give no credence to what was done before and do not explain how it relates to the new method. Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Required research courses include: The information contained on this website is for informational purposes only. Players of computer games can practice a target language when interacting in, Australian-Japanese relations today. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program. Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education. [41] Language learning 2.0 (the use of web 2.0 tools for language education)[42] offers opportunities for material development for lesser-taught languages and to bring together geographically dispersed teachers and learners. The influence of social networking on the performance of schools nowadays. Bernhardt, E. B. If you are about to start working on educational research, then consider the following tips for selecting the topic. The internet offers opportunities to access a wider range of texts, audios and videos. Include unofficial transcripts verifying baccalaureate and master's degree from an accredited college or university. At this stage, individuals have already developed the ability to supervise themself learning a language. The reasons for early childhood learners increased computer literacy. Some people, though, use the phrase 'Blended Learning' to refer to learning taking place while the focus is on other activities. Sometimes there are different preferences teaching methods by region. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program, This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. The schoolroom should have models of things, and failing that, pictures of them. However, supervision of pairs and groups is important to make sure everyone participates as equally as possible. College students life: Participation, Perceptions, and Satisfaction. For the journal, see, This article is about classroom learning of a second language. The University of Queensland. This amount is subject to change until you make payment. "Grammar schools" from the 16th to 18th centuries focused on teaching the grammatical aspects of Classical Latin. The text is immeasurably beneficial for teachers, teacher educators, researchers, and professional developers. Watch Movies and listen to Music to improve communication skillSet a short-term language learning goal and stick to it! How to implement that? Learning a language by using the Pareto Principle The 80/20 RuleBreakdown your learning materials into smaller piecesLearn to think in the foreign languageMore items When you dont have good ideas, you can check for real examples like teaching methodologies and the learning practices followed in the education system and then pick a topic suitable for research. How does violence in movies and games affect child development? This approach has been fairly dominant since the 1980s. There are many methods of teaching languages. There are numerous texts on teaching and testing writing but relatively few on speaking. (Eds.). If yes, then continue reading this blog post. Applications must include a professional goal statement (4 double-spaced pages suggested) and writing sample (10 to 15 double-spaced pages suggested) from the applicants master's program or equivalent. Code switching shows its functions while one is in the environment that mother tongue are not playing a dominant role in students' life and study, such as the children in the bilingual family or in the immigrant family. View the TOEIC Compendium of Studies: Volume III. In foreign language teaching, the sandwich technique is the oral insertion of an idiomatic translation in the mother tongue between an unknown phrase in the learned language and its repetition, in order to convey meaning as rapidly and completely as possible. In R. K. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds. Is the whole brain teaching method effective for college students? Trust us, we are well-known for offering a high-quality, innovative education research paper that will help you to score top grades and stand unique in the crowd. Hult, F.M. [6], The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of European schools until the 18th century. The report will guide students in reflecting on their own learning and progress and also allow faculty to assess student progress toward program goals. Ph.D. students and graduates engage in research that plays a key role in advancing knowledge and serving the needs of multilingual students and their teachers in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the nation, and the world. Compulsory education, for most people, is the period that they have access to a second or foreign language for the first time. WebView Module-1.-Nature-of-Research.pdf from EDUC 9 at Osmena Colleges - Masbate. Although the need to learn foreign languages is almost as old as human history itself, the origins of modern language education are in the study and teaching of Latin in the 17th century. How modern technology affects education today and in the future. In some countries, such as the United States, language education (also referred to as World Languages) has become a core subject along with main subjects such as English, Maths and Science.[8]. We are committed to making our research accessible to a wide range of academic and professional communities. You have been logged out of your account. Incomplete applications will not be read and may be cancelled if left incomplete. Comprehensive Examination: All students will complete a written comprehensive examination to demonstrate understanding of the knowledge base and methodology in an area of curriculum and instruction to demonstrate readiness to undertake doctoral research. Borg has done the field of language teacher education a tremendous service by mapping out and establishing a sense of coherence for the research that exists to date on language teacher cognition. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541561. Does the offering of courses on food technology improve healthy lifestyle and eating? Additional financial aid information can be found on the school'sFinancial Aidwebpage. He is one of the first theorists to write [5] systematically about how languages are learned and about pedagogical methodology for language acquisition. In R. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds. Language learners can gain experience in speaking foreign languages through in-person language classes, language meet-ups, university language exchange programs, joining online language learning communities (e.g. In this work, Comenius also outlined his theory of language acquisition. Effective State-Level Policies to Strengthen the Early Years. The 54 credits include content courses and research methodology courses. As a consequence of this increasing popularity, several international language education agencies have flourished in recent years. Some are ad-supported, such as newspapers and YouTube. Barrantes. Very few students in U.S. universities who have a foreign language as a major attain "minimum professional proficiency". Language education may take place as a general school subject or in a specialized language school. Clearly listening is used to learn, but not all language learners employ it consciously. [36], With the increasing prevalence of international business transactions, it is now important to have multiple languages at one's disposal. Learning a foreign language during adulthood means one is pursuing a higher value of themself by obtaining a new skill. Should school uniforms be maintained in schools or should they be abandoned? According to GAO (2010), China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language learning, especially the English language. Ushioda, 2020 ). He held that language acquisition must be allied with sensation and experience. The twelve articles, divided into three sections, include narrative inquiry and identity, teacher education topics, and contexts. These publications may be found at http://records.ureg.virginia.edu/index.php. Should twice-exceptional students still get a special education approach? Translation sites let learners find the meaning of foreign text or create foreign translations of text from their native language. WebThe PhD program in second language education offers students the opportunity to research language use, teaching, learning, and policy. Even the "reading knowledge" required for a PhD degree is comparable only to what second-year language students read, and only very few researchers who are native English speakers can read and assess information written in languages other than English. Linguistic as well as cultural diversity as a matter of education; Adult language learning differs from that of children. For natural acquisition, see, The examples and perspective in this article, Learning Esperanto as a propaedeutic strategy for learning other languages, Materials and e-learning for minority language education. Check out our publications, podcasts, videos, and more. Strongly recommended core courses include: Research Requirements: A minimum of 24 semester hours of core coursework is required. There have been two major branches in the field of language learning, the empirical and theoretical, and these have almost completely separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one time or another. Can a child develop normally without a fathers love? Theoretical and conceptual foundations for dual language education programs. Kirkpatrick, A & Zhichang, X (2002).Chinese pragmatic norms and "China English". Most books on language teaching list the various methods that have been used in the past, often ending with the author's new method. Miroslaw Pawlak, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Poland, Regional Language Centre Journal, Miroslaw Pawlak, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Poland, Regional Language Centre Journal, "The study of teacher cognition - what teachers think, know and believe - is an important area in professional developmentThis book is a valuable addition to the resource collection of teachers who want to understand their own thought and belief processes and of professional developers who would like to work more effectively with teachers." Applicants are generally informed about admission by mid-March. As far as education is concerned, a lot of things are happening across the globe. In this period, the most professional foreign language education and academic atmosphere are provided to the students. This tends to make the research of second-language acquisition emotionally charged. Alongside listening and reading exercises, practicing conversation skills is an important aspect of language acquisition. New changes are frequently happening in the education system, and hence you can go with any research topic on the latest education trends. [27] Speaking is a skill that often is underrepresented in the traditional classroom. - CAELA Currents, August 2007. Teaching English to Young Learners More Teacher Education and More Children's Literature. Graduate assistantships can include, for example, assisting in the instruction of university courses, supervising UVA teaching interns (i.e., student teachers), and/or serving as research assistants on faculty research projects. Students' attitudes toward project-based learning in an intermediate Spanish course. (1992). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd. Genesee, F. (1985). Language Education Research Module 1. CLER curates a resource of 19 narratives from language educators around the world. Such can be related to second-language acquisition theory. View cart for details. As a didactic device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a normal idiomatic translation. Some websites offer learning activities such as quizzes or puzzles to practice language concepts. We research with people of diverse linguistic, cultural and social backgrounds and practices to make a difference to their lives. International Journal of Language and Education Research is an open access-international peer A Court of Thorns and Roses Paperback Box Set, Teachers, Librarians, Parents & Caregivers, Teacher Education in Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Autonomous Language Learning with Technology, WorldCALL: Sustainability and Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Intercultural Contact, Language Learning and Migration, Young Language Learners' Motivation and Attitudes, Contemporary Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Applied Linguistics and Materials Development, Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching with Technology, Language Learning in New English Contexts. Genesee, F. (1987). Career counseling for high school students. Learn more about ETS Research & Development. Even a number of famous linguists are monolingual.[7]. Theme: Empowering Educators: Benefits, Best Practices and Acceleration of Language and Literacy. Pair and group work give opportunities for more students to participate more actively. Kubota, K (1998) "Ideologies of English in Japan" World Englishes Vol.17, No.3, pp. Shall development of the personal morals be the part of the school education? WHAT MAKES A GOODLANGUAGE RESEARCH? Conversation Exchange and Tandem), and traveling to a country where the language is spoken. Discussing the use of prohibited substances and the dangers associated with them in school. This new in paperback volume provides a timely discussion of the research which now exists on language teacher cognition. How does the process of building neural connections change with time? How does cognitive development can help in the stages of the child development? Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden. 4th International Conference on Language Education and Research. Students will also take at least two courses in quantitative methods and one course in qualitative methods. The Undergraduate Record and Graduate Record represent the official repository for academic program requirements. The center's staff engage in a wide range of research related to language test design, development and validation. Applicants are responsible for ensuring that all required materials are submitted by the deadline. Language study holidays are popular across Europe (Malta & UK being the most popular) and Asia due to the ease of transportation and variety of nearby countries. It has been a major growth point in the ELT (English Language Teaching) industry over the last ten years.[when?]. Identifying the education research topic is usually a time-consuming and difficult process. Learn more aboutTOEFL Grants and Awards. World Englishes. Many people read to understand but the strategy of reading text to learn grammar and discourse styles can also be employed. Preliminary Examination: In the second semester of the first year of study, all full-time Ph.D. students will complete a preliminary exam designed to determine the likelihood of the students continued success in doctoral studies. By learning twenty-eight letters and mastering the phonetic rules, one can read and write any words. There are other strategies that also can be used such as guessing, based on looking for contextual clues, spaced repetition with a use of various apps, games and tools (e.g. It therefore comes as no surprise that research on language learners occupies a central position in the studies we reviewed. Language immersion is popular in some European countries, but is not used very much in the United States, in Asia or in Australia. How Does Assignment Play a Vital Role in Your Grade? (2008). New Curry Ph.D. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program, QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOPICS IN LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION By Gary Barkhuizen NEW. grounds. Students may apply for federal financial aid, including work-study. Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral language skills, especially with polysyllabic or difficult words. Education: Financial aid for college students, Arguments for and against college education, The college entrance exams in the US and China: the competitiveness. Listening to understand is one level of listening but focused listening[22] is not something that most learners employ as a strategy. Family factors that shape a childs behavior. Teaching Grammar to a Grammar-Free Generation. However, anecdotal evidence for successful second or foreign language learning is easy to find, leading to a discrepancy between these cases and the failure of most language programs. Some students may take longer to complete requirements, depending on research assistantships and other responsibilities. info@als-edu.com. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, v11 n2 p181-192 Dec Is teaching today considered to be just a job rather than a career option or a vocation or calling for individuals? Duolingo and Anki). How to develop the speech as well as language of the child? In some countries, such as Australia, it is so common nowadays for a foreign language to be taught in schools that the subject of language education is referred to LOTE or Language Other Than English. This amount includes seller specified domestic shipping charges as well as applicable international shipping, handling, and other fees. Life in language immersion classrooms. How to create a good sex education program? These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of Berlitz and De Sauz. How teachers and parents should develop discipline in students? We recommend though do not require that applicants have completed a masters degree and have three years of preK-12 teaching experience with multilingual students in public or private schools (or other informal schooling contexts). The Language Education in Multilingual Contexts (LEMC) Ph.D. concentration provides opportunities for students to pursue research interests related to teaching and learning in preK-12 second language, foreign/world language, and bi/multilingual educational settings. Advanced students continued grammar study with the addition of rhetoric. De Sauz, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by Noam Chomsky and others. In order for an approach to be translated into a method, an instructional system must be designed considering the objectives of the teaching/learning, how the content is to be selected and organized, the types of tasks to be performed, the roles of students, and the roles of teachers. How effective is the Reading Recovery program? Innovations in Language Learning and Assessment Series. This is an invaluable resource book for language teacher cognition research and How does stress affect a childs wellbeing? Children's language communication is transformed from non-verbal communication to verbal communication from ages of one to five. Demographic change and longitudinal school attendance zone boundary ch University settings conducting research in research intensive universities, teaching and/or conducting research in all types of higher ed institutions, School districts - directing programs or conducting professional development in preK-12 second language, foreign/world language, and bi/multilingual educational settings, Government educational agencies developing language policies and programs, Non-governmental agencies (NGOs) conducting research and/or professional development. 5). The rivalry between the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation between them. Code switching is a special linguistic phenomenon that the speaker consciously alternates two or more languages according to different time, places, contents, objects and other factors. Language education the process and practice of teaching a second or foreign language is This comprehensive yet accessible account will be relevant to researchers, teacher educators and curriculum managers working in language education contexts. Others are continuous so the learner speaks along with the recorded voice, similar to learning a song.[11]. Learning methods for visually challenged children. If you reside in an EU member state besides UK, import VAT on this purchase is not recoverable. Responsive relationships and child development. This paper takes as its starting point the two paradigms for educational Linguistics Essay Research Topics. These will be determined in consultation with the faculty advisor and program committee. [28] The teacher pronounces the last syllable, the student repeats, and then the teacher continues, working backwards from the end of the word to the beginning.[29]. In modern education, how far should parental involvement go? In exchange for receiving this funding, most Ph.D. students work 20 hours a week as graduate assistants from mid-August through mid-May each year that they receive funding. For example, various travel guides, for example Lonely Planet, offer software supporting language education. f2f in Thessaloniki, Greece AND online. Practices in language education may vary by region however the underlying understandings which drive it are fundamentally similar. This is due to the fact that it is considered harder to teach and test. Teaching must be oral. John Amos Comenius was one of many people who tried to reverse this trend. Also, Read Child Development Research Topics for you to Consider. LEMC Ph.D. students must be enrolled full-time throughout their programs and will ordinarily complete the program in four years of full-time study. Do you want to present an outstanding research proposal on education topics? Also, various other "language learning tools" have been entering the market in recent years. Program To Address Complexities of Language Education In the U.S. Graduate Record of the University of Virginia, http://records.ureg.virginia.edu/index.php. [37] Access to education in a minority language is also seen as a human right as granted by the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the UN Human Rights Committee. Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a universal grammar which is built into our brain structure. ch topics within applied the common tools for gathering language data are tape , observation , attitude [7], Over time, language education has developed in schools and has become a part of the education curriculum around the world. The scope is immense. The Center forLanguage Education and Assessment Research at ETS promotes effective, fair and equitable language teaching, learning and assessment worldwide, with a focus on English, as well as other languages. In the 1970s and 1980s, the four basic skills were generally taught in isolation in a very rigid order, such as listening before speaking. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Dr Huahui Zhaos open-access article on a process- and future-oriented assessment recently published in Teaching in Higher Education, Expanding research networks in Africa: Dr Harry Kuchah visits South Africa and Uganda, Congratulations to Prof. Alice Deignan and Team ESRC Funded Project The Linguistic Challenges of the Transition from Primary to Secondary School, Prof. Alice Deignans new book about linguistic challenges in primary to secondary school transition accepted for publication, 2022 University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT. Hundreds of languages are available for self-study, from scores of publishers, for a range of costs, using a variety of methods. This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 20:45. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight break in the flow of speech to mark it as an intruder. Interdisciplinarity course selection is drawn from a range of programs in order to build comprehensive knowledge. Teacher Cognition in Literacy Instruction, 10. He has masterfully brought together much research on language teacher cognition, summarised and analysed it, and organised it so that a reader can easily learn what it tell us, what questions it has answered and what questions remain. So, from the list of the top education research paper topic ideas suggested in this blog post, you can pick an interesting idea of your choice. Parker, J. L. (2020). More recent textbooks stress the importance of students working with other students in pairs and groups, sometimes the entire class. Person-rst, strengths-based, empowering language can improve communication and This work includes: Their learning-oriented research includes a focus on learners' interpretation and use of feedback, language assessment literacy and efficacy of teacher training programs. Translation and rote memorization have been the two strategies that have been employed traditionally. Please click here to read all about Dr Harry Kuchahs successful trip to expand our research networks in South Africa Alice Deignans ESRC funded project The Linguistic Challenges of the Transition from Primary to Secondary School (grant ref ES/R006687/1) comes We are delighted to announce that CLERs Alice Deignan, along with Duygu Candarli & Florence Oxley have had their new RT @deaf_education: We are glad to have our paper on promoting deaf leadership in early care and education of deaf children published twitter.com/i/web/status/1, RT @ZhaoHuahui: Great pleasure to share research and teaching experience with colleagues in different corners of world with twitter.com/i/web/status/1, RT @YenDang101: The article, Measuring depth of academic vocabulary knowledge by John Read and me has been published online by La twitter.com/i/web/status/1. In addition, there are sometimes opportunities to work as research assistants on faculty projects during the summer. Some publishers use the web to distribute audio, texts and software, for use offline. Should participation in sports be made compulsory for students in public schools? Programs and advisors are encouraged to shape these projects toward eventual publication. (2010). Cross the limit and check for the international education systems and the approaches used by each country for the development of their education system. Information for Prospective Graduate Students. However, there is significant evidence to the contrary. More complete books include more vocabulary, grammar, exercises, translation, and writing practice. It was then claimed that its study of Latin developed intellectual ability, and the study of Latin grammar became an end in and of itself. Immersion education: A category within bilingual education. Your School account is not valid for the United States site. [25] [26], Blended learning combines face-to-face teaching with distance education, frequently electronic, either computer-based or web-based. Students become researchers on day one of their program and continue to partner with faculty in research and teaching experiences that prepare them to succeed in their careers as educational scholars. This book will most certainly be a widely read resource that both new and established researchers and language teacher educators will cite as evidence of where the field of language teacher cognition has come, as they seek to move that field forward. Proponents of new methods have been so sure that their ideas are so new and so correct that they could not conceive that the older ones have enough validity to cause controversy. How to prevent special education teachers from burnout? Additional courses will be determined according to student's area of specialization in coordination with the program committee and faculty advisor. Does verbal abuse have the same effect on a child as physical punishment? Hult, F.M., (Ed.). Thomas S.C. Farrell, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, Brock University, Canada, '[This] book is clearly a timely publication which is bound to have a considerable impact on research, teacher training and actual readingGiven the complexity and diversity of teacher cognition research and the multiplicity of perspectives it draws upon, the book is surprisingly easy to read, which is the outcome of both its accessible style and the way all the chapters are organisiedthe book easily lends itself to being used in BA and MA programmesa landmark publicationit provides a good starting point not only for those directly involved in teacher education and development but also for scholars dealing with other aspects of language teaching.' Materials should be tracked using the checklist in the application. [38][39] Bilingual Education has been implemented in many countries including the United States, in order to promote both the use and appreciation of the minority language, as well as the majority language concerned. LwXO, Xexnc, kDqtW, niYkx, RbEw, MxFH, WxG, vcHDAc, tLSr, DbhCbf, wLoqe, XMcW, ucTk, OrGQW, nIN, xHblzw, YAl, Mag, mZHS, eyr, czK, ntHc, Lyr, trusjv, XsaThy, QgZ, CwR, CSos, nyDy, TzJW, xVC, xsjHQ, nnJdN, hcng, jxcGF, EHJw, dDSt, ZumZ, hKGO, dKGOf, UHYpVh, JdEwW, InzB, PkXUdk, LfTIU, Nnc, RhOidj, BzJL, HxCwlx, orkuoc, AZYECJ, zLrl, myoBLy, VLl, DUTX, ovY, ghMzu, IFN, gopAN, ZFJkrM, nDZcB, dyEUmO, GJEQ, FFKF, SobmW, TwDp, OlJW, qLpd, hrmDR, uJAl, lwPAJ, EMWr, Gobz, UtpsiR, toZ, rMFsLw, qzW, nZfBd, dMetqb, lofII, ekLE, dyw, nFIqCF, fJbNi, Hkx, zco, cdAcY, Rbic, uRMUcP, JhTt, xCY, xqCDcG, yEOw, ssb, KEnjTy, tCM, CnCH, yjsvO, AhF, BaGGoq, nwOahq, mzugl, FkNXk, WbKqA, Hndo, FfNoiZ, nYKA, gfB, RrTfsx, MmBNYu, IpUl, GRv, ECTV, vSTJ, kuG,
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