The First-tier consists of basic DNS-based Round Robin Balancing. Hive can handle big datasets whereas RDBMS cant handle beyond 10TB. At the time of handling structured data, MapReduce lacks optimization and usability function such as UDFs whereas Hive framework have optimization and usability. How to design a tiny URL or URL shortener? Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence(AI) can be defined as the collection of different technologies that allow the machine to act at the human level of intelligence. Lets understand the Map Task and Reduce Task in detail. Hive provides portability as most data warehousing applications functions with SQL-based query languages like NoSQL. When you load the front page you see multiple rows of different kinds of movies. These two clouds work together as the backbone of Netflix and both are highly responsible for providing the best video to the subscribers. Read-only views are allowed but materialized views are not allowed. If you like romantic movies then Netflix will show you the image of Matt Damon and Minnie Driver). MapReduce has mainly 2 tasks which are divided phase-wise: In first phase, Map is utilized and in next phase Reduce is utilized. So to implement this filtering its important to know the information describing each item and some sort of user profile describing what the user likes is also desirable. also undergo the same problem. HDFS is designed in such a way that it believes more in storing the data in a large chunk of blocks rather than storing small data blocks. The acknowledgment will be sent only if both the primary and remote master nodes write have been confirmed. Apache Chukwe is an open-source data collection system for collecting logs or events from a distributed system. Content-based filtering: The idea is to filter those videos which are similar to the video a user has liked before. Here, we can see that the Input is provided to the Map() function then its output is used as an input to the Reduce function and after that, we receive our final output. As we all know Hadoop is mainly configured for storing the large size data which is in petabyte, this is what makes Hadoop file system different from other file systems as it can be scaled, nowadays file blocks of 128MB to 256MB are considered in Hadoop. Lets understand the role of each one of this component in detail. In this schema, the analyst has to identify each set of data which makes it more versatile. Means 4 blocks are created each of 128MB except the last one. Netflix also creates file optimization for different network speeds. Concurrency-aware request caching. All RDMS (Relational Database Management System): RDBMS is an information management system, which is based on a data model.In RDBMS tables are used for information storage. Below are the steps to launch a hive on your local system. Sort an array of 0s, 1s and 2s | Dutch National Flag problem, Sort an array of 0s, 1s and 2s (Simple Counting), Sort all even numbers in ascending order and then sort all odd numbers in descending order, Sort even-placed elements in increasing and odd-placed in decreasing order, Permute two arrays such that sum of every pair is greater or equal to K, Choose k array elements such that difference of maximum and minimum is minimized, Minimum number of subsets with distinct elements. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Netflix supports more than 2200 devices and each one of them requires different resolutions and formats. When the request lands on the first load balancing ( see the figure), it is balanced across one of the zones (using round-robin) that your ELB is configured to use. That is why we need such a feature in HDFS which can make copies of that file blocks for backup purposes, this is known as fault tolerance. External link Internal link; It is difficult to control. Its impossible to explain even a single component of Netflix, and you are asking me to design it within just 45 minutes of a short time?? To solve this problem SQL Servers LAG() window function can be used. Facilitates storage and retrieval of large amount of data. The playback team goes to the elastic search and searches for the user to know why the video is not playing on the users device. After that Big Data team processes these S3 Hadoop files and writes Hive in Parquet data format. Developers can test the MapReduce Python code written with mrjob locally on their system or on the cloud using Amazon EMR(Elastic MapReduce). File Block In HDFS: Data in HDFS is always stored in terms of blocks. In Hive, we can write once but in RDBMS we can write as many times as we want. It is additionally utilized by applications that back Object Linking and Embedding (OLE). Apache hive is a data warehousing tool that we use to manage our structure data on Hadoop. Now it is being used by many companies also. The Map() function here breaks this DataBlocks into Tuples that are nothing but a key-value pair. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Apache Hive Installation and Configuring MySql Metastore for Hive, Creating Database Table Using Hive Query Language (HQL), Apache Hive - Static Partitioning With Examples. In MapReduce, we have a client. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Difference Between Hadoop 2.x vs Hadoop 3.x, Hadoop - Features of Hadoop Which Makes It Popular, Hadoop - HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System). And what about data security, where both master database creators, and admins, and some regular users who use SQL to take information from their data warehouse?This where the role of HIVE comes into the picture. The REPLACE with ALTER TABLE is used to remove all the existing columns from the table in Hive. Yes, this is what you are expected to do in your system design interviews if you want to get your dream job in big tech giant companies. Dependencies among these servers can create latency and the entire system may stop working if one of the servers will inevitably fails at some point. This increases the total number of viewing history data and it becomes challenging for Netflix to handle this massive amount of data. After that Big Data team processes these S3 Hadoop files and writes Hive in Parquet data format. When you click on a video Netflix starts processing data in various terms and it takes less than a nanosecond. The LEAD() and LAG() function in MySQL are used to get preceding and succeeding value of any row within its partition. For example, suppose you see 9 different images for your favorite movie Good will hunting in three rows (If you like comedies then images of Robin Williams for this movie will be shown. Sometimes this may be a report you send to your boss or team at work. The data processing is always done in Reducer depending upon the business requirement of that industry. Netflix breaks the original video into different smaller chunks and using parallel workers in AWS it converts these chunks into different formats (like mp4, 3gp, etc) across different resolutions (like 4k, 1080p, and more). The ODBMS which is an abbreviation for object-oriented database management system is the data model in which data is stored in form of objects, which are instances of classes. Kafka is responsible for moving data from fronting Kafka to various sinks: S3, Elasticsearch, and secondary Kafka. Netflix works on two cloudsAWS and Open Connect. Index type containing compaction and bitmap index as of 0.10. In our example, we are not specifying any database name so hive will use its default database. Also, for that specific user, Netflix performs sorting of the movies and calculates the relevance ranking (for the recommendation) of these movies available on their platform. Finally, the Output is Obtained. The table in the hive is consists of multiple columns and records. Youll have an idea that what this round looks like, what you are expected to do in this round and what mistakes you should avoid in front of the interviewer. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. It is also used to keep track of resource usage and to detect signup or login problems. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Introduction to Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS), Difference Between Hadoop 2.x vs Hadoop 3.x, Difference Between Hadoop and Apache Spark, MapReduce Program Weather Data Analysis For Analyzing Hot And Cold Days, MapReduce Program Finding The Average Age of Male and Female Died in Titanic Disaster, MapReduce Understanding With Real-Life Example, How to find top-N records using MapReduce, How to Execute WordCount Program in MapReduce using Cloudera Distribution Hadoop(CDH), Matrix Multiplication With 1 MapReduce Step. This Map and Reduce task will contain the program as per the requirement of the use-case that the particular company is solving. With the help of the below command, all the content of the data table will be removed permanently because I have used the PURGE option with the DROP TABLE command. This will also redirect the write queries to this new primary master node. Hive will remove all of its data and metadata from the hive meta-store. At many instances, user would like to access data of the previous row or any row before the previous row from the current row. Here are some of the APIs-. Schema on-Read is the new data investigation approach in new tools like Hadoop and other data-handling technologies. MapReduce and HDFS are the two major components of Hadoop which makes it so powerful and efficient to use. So, Hive can partition the data with directory structures to improve performance on certain queries. 3 Node Memcached Cluster in 2 Availability Zones With a Client in Each Zone. It appears in website navigation as well as in the content. The output of Map i.e. It is built on top of HDFS and Map-reduce framework. How to make microservice architecture reliable? A decent command over System Design concepts is very much essential, especially for the working professionals, to get a much-needed advantage over others during tech interviews. Map phase and Reduce phase. The attributes or columns which are added in the ALTER TABLE REPLACE statement will be replaced with the older columns. Netflix provides almost 500B data events that consume 1.3 PB/day and 8 million events that consume 24 GB/Second during peak time. This is because for running Hadoop we are using commodity hardware (inexpensive system hardware) which can be crashed at any time. Netflix wants maximum clicks for the videos from the users and these clicks are dependent on the header images. Hive web UI, Hive command line, and Hive HD Insight (In windows server) are supported by the user interface. It is not built for Online Transactional Processing (OLTP) workloads. A large Hadoop cluster is consists of so many Racks . Practice for Cracking Any Coding Interview, Must Do Coding Questions for Product Based Companies, Top 10 Projects For Beginners To Practice HTML and CSS Skills. # Here all are 2, therefore when k=1, i can have # 2 values 1 & 2, each case can have 2 further # values of j=1 and j=2. ZUUL is a gateway service that provides dynamic routing, monitoring, resiliency, and security. The second tier is an array of load balancer instances, and it performs the Round Robin Balancing technique to distribute the request across the instances that are behind it in the same zone. As the name suggests, it is used when we have structured data (in the form of tables). It provides easy routing based on query parameters, URL, and path. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, How to Execute WordCount Program in MapReduce using Cloudera Distribution Hadoop(CDH), Introduction to Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS), Matrix Multiplication With 1 MapReduce Step, Hadoop Streaming Using Python - Word Count Problem, MapReduce Program - Weather Data Analysis For Analyzing Hot And Cold Days, Hadoop - Features of Hadoop Which Makes It Popular, How to find top-N records using MapReduce, Hadoop - Schedulers and Types of Schedulers, Apache Hive Installation With Derby Database And Beeline. Netflix has deployed a lot of clusters in a number of AWS EC2 instances and these clusters have so many nodes of Memcached and they also have cache clients. Built in user-defined functions (UDFs) to manipulation of strings, dates, and other data-mining tools. The library helps developers to write MapReduce code using a Python Programming language. As we have seen in File blocks that the HDFS stores the data in the form of various blocks at the same time Hadoop is also configured to make a copy of those file blocks. HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System) is utilized for storage permission is a Hadoop cluster. Apache Hive is an open-source data warehouse system built on top of Hadoop Cluster for querying and analyzing large datasets stored in the Hadoop distributed file system. It facilitates reading, writing and handling wide datasets that stored in distributed storage and queried by Structure Query Language (SQL) syntax. Then compiler request for Metadata by sending a metadata request to Metastore. These job-parts are then made available for the Map and Reduce Task. A large amount of data is divided into multiple inexpensive machines in a cluster which is processed parallelly. Now one thing we also need to notice that after making so many replicas of our file blocks we are wasting so much of our storage but for the big brand organization the data is very much important than the storage so nobody cares for this extra storage. The default location where the database is stored on HDFS is /user/hive/warehouse. It stores metadata for Hive tables (like their schema and location) and partitions in a relational database. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Apache Hive Installation and Configuring MySql Metastore for Hive, Apache Hive - Static Partitioning With Examples, Apache Hive Installation With Derby Database And Beeline, Apache Hive - Getting Started With HQL Database Creation And Drop Database, Difference Between Apache Kafka and Apache Flume, Difference Between Apache Hadoop and Apache Storm. For example, consider there are two-person. We can modify multiple numbers of properties associated with the table schema in the Hive. The Purpose of Job schedular is to divide a big task into small jobs so that each job can be assigned to various slaves in a Hadoop cluster and Processing can be Maximized. The hive DROP TABLE statement comes with a PURGE option. Here, the query executes MapReduce job. Structured Query Language or SQL is a standard Database language which is used to create, maintain and retrieve the data from relational databases like MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, PostGre, etc. MapReduce nothing but just like an Algorithm or a data structure that is based on the YARN framework. And the use of Resource Manager is to manage all the resources that are made available for running a Hadoop cluster. Lets understand this concept of breaking down of file in blocks with an example. WebVery long instruction word (VLIW) refers to instruction set architectures designed to exploit instruction level parallelism (ILP). At Facebook, Hives Hadoop cluster is capable to store more than 2 Petabytes of raw data, and daily it processes and loads around 15 Terabytes of data. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Introduction to Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS), Hadoop Streaming Using Python - Word Count Problem, MapReduce Program - Weather Data Analysis For Analyzing Hot And Cold Days, Hadoop - Features of Hadoop Which Makes It Popular, Hadoop - Schedulers and Types of Schedulers. 1. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Hive provides us the functionality to perform Alteration on the Tables and Databases.ALTER TABLE command can be used to perform alterations on the tables. Hive Server It is referred to as Apache Thrift Server. the data about the data. So this is where Hadoop emerged as a preserver which provide us with an efficient way to handle huge datasets using HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System) and imposes MapReduce for separating calculation errands into units that can be dispersed around a cluster of hardware(commodity hardware) providing scalability(horizontal).Some big challenges need to be resolved like: How would someone move existing data structure to Hadoop when that framework depends on Relational database system and the Structured Query Language (SQL)? If yes, then youre required to dive deep into the System Design world! Hadoop common or Common utilities are nothing but our java library and java files or we can say the java scripts that we need for all the other components present in a Hadoop cluster. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Therefore computing the mapper for Matrix A: # k, i, j computes the number of times it occurs. So it is advised that the DataNode should have High storing capacity to store a large number of file blocks. How to Crack System Design Round in Interviews? What is Schema On Read and Schema On Write in Hadoop. The servers arent aware of exactly where their data is stored, and instead function more like worker bees in a hive. In the above, the image we can observe that our table name has changed to customer. Amazon also has various tools that you can use such as Apache Spark, Apache Hive, etc. Apache Spark Core: It is responsible for functions like scheduling, input and output operations, task dispatching, etc. Netflix personalizes this data and decides what kind of rows or what kind of movies should be displayed to a specific user. Hive operates on the server-side of a cluster.Hive provides schema flexibility and evolution along with data summarization, querying of data, and analysis in a much easier manner.In Hive, we can make two types of tables partitioned and bucketed which make it feasible to process data stored in HDFS and improves the performance as well.Hive tables are defined directly in the Hadoop File System(HDFS).In Hive, we have JDBC/ODBC driversHive is fast and scalable, and easy to learn.Hive has a rule-based optimizer for optimizing plans.Using Hive we can also execute Ad-hoc queries to analyze data. The major feature of MapReduce is to perform the distributed processing in parallel in a Hadoop cluster which Makes Hadoop working so fast. Netflix receives very high-quality videos and content from the production houses, so before serving the videos to the users it does some preprocessing. Highly Scalable Cluster: Hadoop is a highly scalable model. Netflix High-Level System Architecture. Netflix uses Kafka and Apache Chukwe to ingest the data which is produced in a different part of the system. YARN is a Framework on which MapReduce works. User interaction with the service (viewing history and how user rated other titles). These replicas require a lot of transcoding and preprocessing. ; The rank is assigned to rows in a sequential manner. By using our site, you A majority of the machine learning pipelines are run on these large spark clusters. Lets understand how it works with an example. Hive is compatible for the various file formats which are TEXTFILE, SEQUENCEFILE, ORC, RCFILE, etc. We all are familiar with Netflix services. Even some social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Consistent Read/Write Performance as viewing per member grows (viewing history data write to read ratio is about 9:1 in Cassandra). They get to know what caused the error in the video stream. It mainly designed for working on commodity Hardware devices(inexpensive devices), working on a distributed file system design. EV cache is based on Memcached and it is actually a wrapper around Memcached. ELB performs a two-tier load-balancing scheme where the load is balanced over zones first and then instances (servers). This process required learning from past experiences and self-correction to make a certain decision and to reach a certain conclusion. You can configure the Replication factor in your hdfs-site.xml file. Hive tables are defined directly in the Hadoop File System(HDFS). Chukwe collects the events from different parts of the system and from Chukwe you can do monitoring, and analysis or you can use the dashboard to view the events. In a microservice architecture, services should be independent of each other, for example, the video storage service would be decoupled from the service responsible for transcoding videos. No difference between NULL and null values. This is called data-driven and Netflix performs the data analytics with this approach. Lets create a table in the hive first with the below command so that we can DROP it with the DROP TABLE statement. Fallback and gracefully degrade when possible. YARN was described as a Redesigned Resource Manager at the time of its launching, but it has now evolved to be known as large-scale distributed operating system used for Big Netflix has 180M+ subscribers in 200+ countries. Thrift server allows external clients to interact with Hive over a network, similar to the JDBC or ODBC protocol. All the read queries are redirected to the read replicas and only the write queries are redirected to the master nodes. Below are the steps to launch a hive on your local system. The device of the user, at what time a user is more active, and for how long a user is active. Lets perform each of the operations we can perform with ALTER TABLE one by one. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. The MapReduce task is mainly divided into two phases Map Phase and Reduce Phase. When the users started increasing on Netflix the row sizes as well as the overall data size increased. Using Hive we can also execute Ad-hoc queries to analyze data. Hystrix does this by isolating points of access between the services, remote system, and 3rd party libraries. Content-based filtering is highly dependent on the information from the products such as movie title, release year, actors, the genre. Amazon EMR is a cloud-based The data is shared across the cluster within the same zone and multiple copies of the cache are stored in sharded nodes. Then the driver takes the help of query compiler to check syntax. Organization of data and their manipulation processes are different in It is a software project that provides data Today, numerous associations understand that the information they gather is a profitable asset for understanding their customers, the impact of their activities in the market, their performance and the effectiveness of their infrastructure, etc. That is the reason we consider the router to take from one Kafka topic to a different Kafka topic. We are not using the supercomputer for our Hadoop setup. Lets discuss how the evolution pipeline works on Netflix. Depending on the device and screen size, the right video format is streamed into the users device. Databases and tables are built before loading the data. A Subquery is a SELECT statement that is embedded in a clause of another SQL statement. It is frequently used for data warehousing tasks like data encapsulation, Ad-hoc Queries, and analysis of huge datasets. Firstly, remember that the system design round is extremely open-ended and theres no such thing as a standard answer. By using our site, you For the same movie, images can be different for different users. From the beginning of the Internets conventional breakout, many search engine provider companies and e-commerce companies/organizations struggled with regular growth in data day by day. The more number of DataNode, the Hadoop cluster will be able to store more data. # Here all are 2, therefore when k=1, i can have # 2 values 1 & 2, each case can have 2 further # values of j=1 and j=2. YARN performs 2 operations that are Job scheduling and Resource Management. Later, the Apache Foundation took over Hive and developed it further and made it an Open Source. By using our site, you Once some of the Mapping tasks are done Shuffling begins that is why it is a faster process and does not wait for the completion of the task performed by Mapper. And thats why, GeeksforGeeks is providing you with an in-depth interview Metadata information from the previously watched videos for a user such as titles, genre, categories, actors, release year, etc. Then compiler resends the plan to the driver after checking requirements. Suppose you have uploaded a file of 400MB to your HDFS then what happens is this file got divided into blocks of 128MB+128MB+128MB+16MB = 400MB size. Facebook, Yahoo, Netflix, eBay, etc. Hadoop YARN Architecture; Difference between Hadoop 1 and Hadoop 2; Difference Between Hadoop 2.x vs Hadoop 3.x; Difference Between Hadoop and Apache Spark; MapReduce Program Weather Data Analysis For Analyzing Hot And Cold Days; MapReduce Program Finding The Average Age of Male and Female Died in Titanic Data redundancy or duplicity is avoided due to keys, indexes, and normalization principles. The library helps in. the data about the data. The HIVE is developed by the Data Infrastructure team of Facebook. Now, there is a good chance that the other person will also have a similar pattern and he/she will do the same thing that the first person has done. The purpose of MapReduce in Hadoop is to Map each of the jobs and then it will reduce it to equivalent tasks for providing less overhead over the cluster network and to reduce the processing power. For example, if a customer is unable to play the video then the customer care executive will resolve this issue using elastic search. It is also used and developed by other companies like Netflix, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), etc. Netflix is using elastic search for data visualization, customer support, and for some error detection in the system. By using our site, you We can perform multiple operations with table schema like renaming the table name, add the column, change or replace the column name, etc. CLI, UI, and Thrift Server It is used to provide a user interface to an external user to interact with Hive by writing queries, instructions and monitoring the process. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. ELB in Netflix is responsible for routing the traffic to frontend services. Lets understand the working of its different parts. One can also directly put the table into the hive with HDFS commands. Array: With the help of an array, we can store more than one element under a single name. The developer writes their logic to fulfill the requirement that the industry requires. Just like Mysql in-built function, it can be called from within a Mysql statement. DEFLATE, BWT, snappy, etc are the algorithms to operation on compressed data which is stored in Hadoop Ecosystem. It is built for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). As we all know Hadoop is a framework written in Java that utilizes a large cluster of commodity hardware to maintain and store big size data. To perform the below operation make sure your hive is running. RDBMS supports schema on Write whereas Hive provides schema on Read. After that, a complete response for the API request is sent back to the endpoint. To make the videos viewable on different devices, Netflix performs transcoding or encoding, which involves finding errors and converting the original video into different formats and resolutions. which is then sent to the final Output Node. So the single block of data is divided into multiple blocks of size 128MB which is default and you can also change it manually. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. It is a process in which regions are assigned to region server as well as DDL (create, delete table) operations. MySQL(RDBMS) and Cassandra(NoSQL) for different purposes. In this particular tutorial, we will be using Hive DML queries to Load or INSERT data to the Hive Hive will remove all of its data and metadata from the hive meta-store. This reduces the load from the original server but the problem is if the node goes down all the cache goes down and this can hit the performance of the application. Now, Netflix calculates the number of clicks a certain image receives. To solve this problem Netflix has built its own custom caching layer called EV cache. Limitations Apache Hive has some limitations also: Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Apache Hive Installation and Configuring MySql Metastore for Hive, Apache Hive - Static Partitioning With Examples, Apache Hive Installation With Derby Database And Beeline, Apache Hive - Getting Started With HQL Database Creation And Drop Database. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. It appears within the body text, in content. The CREATE FUNCTION statement is used for creating a stored function and user-defined functions. Driver Queries of the user after the interface are received by the driver within the Hive. The Reduce() function then combines this broken Tuples or key-value pair based on its Key value and form set of Tuples, and perform some operation like sorting, summation type job, etc. Netflix scaled the storage of viewing history data-keeping two main goals in their mind, Initially, the viewing history was stored in Cassandra in a single row. It is utilized to adjust the Windows enlistment database. The recent ISO standard version of SQL is SQL:2019. Chukwe writes the event in the Hadoop file sequence format (S3). Netflix has a master-master setup for MySQL and it is deployed on Amazon large EC2 instances using InnoDB. It is a software project that provides data query and analysis. In case if the PURGE option is mentioned the data will be completely lost and cannot be recovered later but if not mentioned then data will move to .Trash/current directory. Hive does not have any DROP statement to drop columns inside the table. While watching a video, you might have noticed that the video appears pixelated and snaps back to HD after a while. First of all, the user submits their query and CLI sends that query to the Driver. ALTER TABLE
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