If you ate bananas before the 1950s, you most likely would have been eating the Gros Michel typebut by the early 1960s, they had all been replaced by the Cavendish, which we are still eating today. Sweet, filling, reliable bananas are the most popular fruit in the United States, outselling apples and oranges. "I think more bananas will be available," says Dale. Green Revolution: History, Technologies, and Impact. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. One common misconception about bananas is that they will certainly go extinct because they're a monoculture, or . The worlds favorite fruit, known for its health benefits, is under attack by two dangerous diseases. "Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World." The Black Sigatoka disease originated in Asia in the late 20th century, say researchers, but has now spread to the Caribbean and been found as far north as Florida. The rising temperatures and wetter climate in areas home to banana plantations help to facilitate the spread of Black Sigatoka. A plant-based diet benefits both your health and the environment. Black Sigatoka is one of two dangerous diseases striking fear into banana growers around the world. That means over 75% of the worlds population of banana plants is at risk. One extreme but perhaps necessary measure is to build concrete paths within the plantations to avoid having to walk on infected soil. Most all Western hemisphere countries that supported the banana industry have been infected and don't have that variety any more. Are real bananas extinct? And unlike in the 1950s, there is no successor, no banana variety that lives up to the taste, transportability and ability to grow in monoculture. The Colombian. Maybe. "Yes! Is banana A man made fruit? The Gros Michel banana was the banana of choice until the 1950s. There is a possibility that bananas could become extinct in the near future. There is a genuine possibility that bananas will become extinct. Theres a reason why bananas are the worlds favorite fruit. "Example: . However, quite a lot has changed since the '90s, especially when it comes to food culture, and it might be the case that if you want a banana, you won't be able to get a Cavendish at some point in the near future, which will force a new perspective on the fruit. She holds an MFA degree from Columbia University and Geology and English degrees from Syracuse University. Commercially extinct? As we did 60-some years ago, we may be switching over to a new species of banana. Is the banana pandemic upon usagain? But in the 1950s, the crop was swept by a strain of Panama disease, also known as banana wilt, brought on by the spread of a noxious, soil-inhabiting fungus.Desperate for a solution, the world's banana farmers turned to the Cavendish. He planted it, and in 1835, it bloomed, growing rich with bananas. Even though it was incredibly costly, there was no choice for the banana business but to start over with a totally new cultivar, the Cavendish, which was chosen specifically for its resistance to Panama disease. . 2022 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Given the number of plantations throughout the world, it seems unlikely, but are bananas going to go extinct? This is a phenomenon known as monoculture, a practice present across many industries in our society. At least for a little while. The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. Ironically, what saves the Cavendish from extinction might also topple it from global dominance. Bananas come in a variety of different shapes, colors, and sizes. Banana-Destroying Fungus Has Arrived in South America, Scientists Are Fighting to Save the Banana, Bananas Are Fighting a Pandemic of Their Own, 4 Foods That Are Likely to Suffer From Climate Change, 12 Bizarre Examples of Genetic Engineering, A Beginners Guide to Growing Your Own Food. This was until a fungal disease called Panama disease struck, which almost wiped out the species. Gros Michel did well up until the 1950s. We need to be paying a lot more for bananas if producers are going to be able to invest in sustainability and the long-term viability of production. The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. Named for the first place where it caused major devastation, the fungus spread north from Panama also causing massive losses of banana plants in Honduras, Suriname, and Costa Rica, throughout the first half of the 20th century. Plants that reproduce via seeds have more genetic diversity, which creates a more uneven productbut also a more disease-resistant plant. scientists are working on different options to save the banana, U.S. If you are under 40 you probably haven't ever eaten the banana that inspired. There are about 1000 cultivated varieties of banana. Already, plantations in Asia, Africa and elsewhere have been wiped out by a new strain of Panama known as Tropical Race 4. The Cavendish is actually the world's most popular eating banana , but it will not be around forever. These fungicides, however, need to be applied 60 times a year to work, which creates tension with the environment and the workers who apply it. Ecuador and Costa Rica, the largest banana exporters in the world, are one contaminated boot away from an epidemic. Their genetic uniformity is a dream for a killer fungus or disease. There will have to be a revolution in how bananas are produced for production to continue.. The fungus can be present up to 10 feet below the soils surface. Nearly all of the bananas sold globally are just one kind called the Cavendish, which is susceptible to a deadly fungus called Tropical Race 4, or Panama Disease. A new study has confirmed that bananas, the world's favorite fruit, is in fact going extinct. In fact, many of these other banana types may have a 'secret ingredient' needed to save the Cavendish: resistance to TR4. The banana is in trouble, but we dont seem to have learnt the lesson of the past because were succumbing to the same problem, said food specialist Simran Sethi, author of Bread, Wine, Chocolate: The Slow Loss of Foods We Love., We have a food system where one type of banana is being grown in one massive field as a single crop making the applying of pesticides and harvest easier. Soy Milk vs. Almond Milk: Which Is More Environmentally Friendly? Genetic modification may be the answer, but further research is required. Like the Gros Michel, Cavendish bananas are a monoculture, reproducing via cloning rather than seedswhich makes them less able to fight pathogens. As things stand, it is time to admit we dont pay enough for bananas. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Bananas are one of the oldest known cultivated plants, but were first grown in the United States in the 1880s, by entrepreneurs involved in early plantations in Jamaica. Gros Michel still exists. She is crowdfunding for the film provisionally titled 'Bananageddon', and lives in London. Almost all of the bananas exported globally are just one variety called the Cavendish. For years, the fruit was an unreliable product due to its short ripening period; storms at sea or delayed trains meant that these early banana salesmen would often open shipping crates full of rotten, unsellable fruit. Here's everything you should know, according to a registered dietitian. You've got a lot of company. As new banana mapping technology is developed, the genetic makeup of these other varieties can be examined for a TR4-resistant trait that can be added to the Cavendish. ). Immunization Requirements - Kindergarten Entry 2021-22. Here are two methods that work. Real bananas are called plantains. There are hundreds of edible banana varieties, but to standardise production, banana companies selected a single type to grow: the Gros Michel, a large, flavourful banana. Panama disease, Race 1 (the term scientists use to differentiate between different variants of the fungus) caused the loss of tens of thousands of acres of banana plantations, with infested soils that could not be replanted with banana trees again. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Bebber said a shift away from monoculture banana production could create a farming system better able to resist disease. Is there anything we can do to prevent the fate of the Cavendish from following that of the Gros Michel? Eating a wider variety of bananas has other benefits as well, including being healthier for soils. There is simply no other conclusion: the banana is slowly but surely moving toward extinction. They are considerably larger, starchier, and less sweet than eating bananas. Actually extinct with no remaining plants in the world? Plantains are usually cooked when they are eaten. The predominance of one type of banana means when that is threatened by disease there is no alternative type, resistant to the disease, ready to switch over to. All in all, there's hope. Frequently found in our lunchboxes, breakfast mix and often one of the first foods babies eat, they are a household staple. Bananas as we know them could become extinct due to numerous factors like climate change, insect infestations, poor soil quality and plant pathogens. This is a myth that was created to explain the disparity between banana flavoring and real bananas. With Panama Disease becoming a real threat, commercial growers will have to implement some changes to stop it in its tracks. Frontiers in Plant Science. As banana plants have extensive root maps, the disease can spread quickly. The same economies of scale that promoted monoculture fit hand-in-glove with exploited labour, environmental degradation, and excessive amounts of pesticides. The disease is highly contagious, and earlier this year, further cases of TR4 were confirmed in Australia. CNN reports that the problem is made worse by the fact that bananas have no genetic diversity, as commercial bananas are all clones of each other. Cavendish bananas feel so ubiquitous these daysyou can even find them at the gas station next to the candy bars sometimesso it's hard to imagine them disappearing. This variety of banana was the standard in America . The Gros Michel enjoyed a short reign prior to its extinction. The result, published in PLOS Pathogens, reveal that Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a clone of Panama. But Race 4 (also known as TR4 or fusarium wilt), the new version of Panama disease that started affecting crops in the subtropics in the 1980s and wiping them out, has since moved to infect crops in the Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, India, Mozambique, and Australia. As coined by BBC, this 'banana-pandemic' is real. A commercial plant is close to being ready. is an environmental scientist and journalist. (2 Inexpensive Facts About Bananas), Why Are My Canned Banana Peppers Mushy? The fruit now generates revenues of more than $8 billion a year for banana exporters including Ecuador, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Colombia and Guatemala. That spread, says Bebber, is being assisted by the impacts of the climate crisis as it unfolds in the key banana-growing regions of Asia, South America and the Caribbean. "Extinction is a really powerful word," she says. Here's what Snopes.com, the urban legend evaluation site, has to say on the subject: " Claim: Bananas will be extinct within ten years. It was developed based on a variety called the Gros Michel, or the Big Mike. FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN ENROLLMENT OPTION. The industry quickly found a replacement, a banana resistant to Panama disease, called the Cavendish. Bebber has just published new research explaining the growing risk of a fungal disease that largely wipes out the banana crop of any tree that it infects. It is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia in the early 1990s and has since spread to Latin America. Well, scientists are working on different options to save the banana, like finding a more disease-resistant variety. The disease quickly distributed itself across banana plantations around the world. Bananas Are Facing Extinction - And It's All Our Fault The world's favorite fruit, known for its health benefits, is under attack by two dangerous diseases. Buying organic and Fair Trade bananas shows manufacturers that we are willing to pay a little more for bananas. Brightly will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on these links. All content is editorially independent, with no influence or input from the foundations. I became fascinated by the fruit I found growing on large, towering herbs, lined up in rows in their tens of thousands. Sweet-banana skins are most commonly known to be yellow, but ripe banana skins can also be red, pink, purple, and black. Would Bananas Exist Without Humans? Can you grow a banana tree from a store bought banana? It has to do with clones, international trade, and a very persistent fungus. In the 1950s, the Panama Disease took hold and wiped out the entire production of this fruit. Wake up to the day's most important news. Its coming for sure, said Bebber, but it will take a change in consumer behavior to be ready to accept GM bananas. The GM crop could also still be susceptible to a new strain of the disease in the future. The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. Find out why our beloved supermarket bananas, aka the Cavendish, are on the verge of extinction. One measure is to introduce biosecurity, in effect, locking down the plantations. A deadly fungus that plagued banana plantations in Southeast Asia for 30 years has made the inevitable leap to Latin America, where much of the world's bananas are grown. At the plantation in Costa Rica, I often asked workers about their families, and several of the men gave a heavy sigh, saying that they had no children. Basically, any disease, fungus, or pest that can attack and kill one plant can kill them all. But our modern bananas are threatened by a disease that has already taken out an entire previous type of this easy-snacking fruit. Bananas are the world's most popular fruit, but the banana industry is currently dominated by one type of banana: the Cavendish (or supermarket banana) that we all know and love. Monoculture decisions also relate to the scale of operations, for it is easier to apply a mass pesticide to large Cavendish banana plantations. The Gros Michel banana was the banana of choice until the 1950s. Plus, the Gros Michel banana was also said to be tastier and last longer than the Cavendish banana. The banana industry was forced to develop a replacement for that banana called Cavendish, which now accounts for almost half of all bananas grown in the world today and virtually all those eaten in the US. Two damaging diseases are destroying our favorite yellow food and threatening to wipe out the bananas eaten by consumers in the U.S. Banana production as it stands is facing an existential crisis, said Dan Bebber, a plant and disease specialist at the University of Exeter. Today, the Cavendish is a universal foodstuff, much like a Big Mac: supermarket bananas are pretty much . But the rapid development of large-scale banana plantations and improved transport links from export markets in South America in the late 1800s facilitated a boom in consumption in the 20th century. For the consumer, a banana might cost only a few cents or pence, but the full cost of that perfect yellow fruit is extracted elsewhere from workers, from the environment, and from the future stability of our agriculture. Paving a way for gene-edited bananas could allow the improvement and commercialisation of boutique varieties like Peru's rose-coloured Isla banana, and the striking, vanilla-flavoured Blue Java. A less intensive system could involve intercropping bananas with other crops, such as oil palm, that already takes place in parts of India and Africa. Learn how to water plants while away so you don't return home from vacation to discover dead plants. that can resist Panama disease. Its coming for sure, said Bebber, but it will take a change in consumer behavior to be ready to accept GM bananas. The GM crop could also still be susceptible to a new strain of the disease in the future. School Fee Schedule & Waiver Application. The Gros Michel banana dominated our society starting in the early 1900s. Their only option is to destroy the crops and start over. Just one infected banana plant may require an entire plantation to be destroyed to prevent further spread. If Big Mike really is . Genetic modification may be the answer but further research is required. According to the BBC, there may be some truth to the matter. So, lets find out if bananas are going to go the way of the dinosaurs! Quite a few have gone extinct over the decades, actually, mostly unexportable, local varieties. Nearly all the bananas grown for commercial use are the single variety known as the Cavendish. There are cooking bananas, red bananas, Pisang Raja bananas, Lady Finger bananas, and apple bananas, naming only a few. Ecuador and Costa Rica, the largest banana exporters in the world, are one contaminated boot away from an epidemic. Are real bananas extinct? They are cheap to buy, soft and easy to eat and full of. Many consumers think theres just one. 9, 2018., doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01468. By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Banana dj vu. Many of these smaller producers are growing in sustainable ways, paying fair wages and protecting their environment by using few or no agrochemicals. Real bananas are not extinct, however, the hybrids that we have come to know and love such as the cavendish may be under threat by a fungal disease, such as happened to the Gros Michel variety back in the 1950s. Will bananas go extinct? But then a fungus known as Fusarium wilt, or Panama disease, rapidly infected entire plantations, and caused a global collapse in the banana trade. Bananas are facing a pandemic, too. By Tom Levitt Jun 11, 2019, 05:45 AM EDT | Updated Jun 11, 2019 There's a reason why bananas are the world's favorite fruit. In fact, you more than likely have always eaten the Cavendish banana. Did real bananas go extinct? Sethi also hopes a growing interest in diversity in food choices among consumers and the move away from what she calls . The disease likes, and grows more rapidly in, warmer and wetter conditions, says Bebber. Further research is continuing, including the use of genetic modification, but this is not a popular option. There are also red-skinned bananas that turn pink with spots when ripe, called red guineo morado, which have a creamy texture and are orange in the center. Narrator: Ninety-nine percent of bananas exported to . CNN . The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. The Environmental Impact of Returns Is Worse Than You Think. Buy 1, Get a Second FREE! What actually happens to returns? As a result, infected banana plantations were burned down and other crops had to be planted in the soil. The could go extinct at any time. Are Our Beloved Bananas Really on the Brink of Extinction? The banana called Gros Michel, AKA Big Mike, was first brought from Southeast Asia to the Caribbean island of Martinique by French naturalist Nicolas Boudin, and then taken to Jamaica by French botanist Jean Francois Pouyat, according to the book, Banana, The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World, by Dan Koeppel. TR4 is still moving, although its next destination is TBD. According to a BBC story on this topic, if you were to sniff isoamyl acetate (like the . According to a recent study by Dutch researchers, bananas are at serious risk from Panama disease, a fungicide-resistant pathogen that has crossed continents and spread to South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Australia. The fungus is already prevalent in Southeast Asia and Latin America, with the potential to destroy 75% of the worlds banana plants. When a population lacks genetic diversity, its members have a heightened risk of succumbing to disease. Over time, the original banana became extinct, and we currently have a mutation of the early banana. We Have No Bananas," a song many of us would recognize even in the 21st century, was about a grocer out of bananas due to the devastation that Panama disease caused. Narrator: The world's most popular banana may be on the verge of extinction. But when you eat a banana, you can barely spot those. Americans eat bananas more than any other fruit (almost 12 kg per year).In many developing countries, bananas are a staple food.People eat them every day in their meals (these bananas are also called plantains or cooking bananas). Pair this with Black Sigatoka disease, a deadly fungal disease from the 1900s, and you get a banana recipe for disaster. Because the modern bananas are clones, they are very susceptible to being wiped out by a fungal disease, such as the Panama disease. For a better local experience, visit the online store for your country. But now there's Race 4 of the disease, and it does the same thing to the bananas we eat today. Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is another strain of the Panama Disease that made a grand, unwanted entrance into the banana society. This post may contain affiliate links. How to Water Plants While Away on Vacation: 2 Easy Methods to Try. This requires vehicles to be disinfected to remove traces of soil and workers to wear rubber boots, worn only on the plantation. Bananas have been eaten in the U.S. since the 19th century. However, due to disease outbreaks, production has been severely reduced. Alas, the Cavendish banana came in to save the day. Paxton's fascination with these bananas developed after he saw bananas on some Chinese wallpaper. Panama Disease is a soil-borne disease, so it is extremely hard to eliminate from the soil. You cannot grow a banana treefrom a commercially cultivated banana fruit. It's the Cavendish banana, though, that most people recognize from their local grocery store. commercially extinct cultivars survive in some botanical gardens and private collections or gardens, and are still sometimes sold in tiny quantities, just not on a wide commercially scale unless if every last person stops growing it and they go totally extinct, which does happen and has happen very often because there have been thousands upon Growers transitioned to the Cavendish since that earlier strain of Panama Disease was not a threat to it. If it's not stopped, the Cavendish may go extinct. Enrollment. Starre Vartan is an environmental and science journalist. Thus, similar to conversations in the coffee space, conscious consumerism is a key to making a difference. In short, no the banana more generally is not going extinct. But another answer is that we could all get used to banana meaning more than the cloned Cavendish. Prior to the introduction of the Cavendish variety, the Gros Michel was the most popular banana. They are often sliced and fried, boiled, or grilled.. Can you get red bananas? In this blog post, I will talk about the history of Gros Michel bananas and how they became extinct. Parents & Students. Knowing how many are available gives us the opportunity as consumers to start requesting a more diverse selection. We grow 1,000 types of bananas globally. Once a plant is identified as being infected, then its not as simple as just removing that one tree. Among them are cheaper, ideal shipping costs, a longer shelf-life, superb taste, and a familiar image. devastated banana crops. APPLY NOW for 2022-2023! Serious intervention is required to stop bananas from becoming extinct. Laffy Taffy may not be a replacement for a real banana, but the histories of the two are more entwined than we may think, and Berenstein proposes that the scientific line between "real" and "fake" banana flavor is blurrier than it seems. But there is no variety which went extinct. (Heres 3 Things You Need to Know), Why Are Bananas So Cheap? Manufacturers often embrace monocultures because it helps the bananas all look familiar, birthing a sense of trust in consumers minds. There are different crops out there that are still grown and will survive these diseases with the right protection. In fact, the original banana was different in nearly every way. It makes growers vulnerable to disease.. Immunization Requirements - 7th Grade Entry 2021-22. They were slightly bigger than the Cavendish, with a stronger flavour. When I ask people, most seem to think bananas grow on trees. It remains to be seen whether our favorite fruit will indeed become extinct. While losing the Cavendish could mean higher prices (and a lot fewer bananas) in the U.S., it could be especially devastating to the millions of people in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean who depend on them to meet basic nutrition needs. Bananas are the world's most popular fruit, but the banana industry is currently dominated by one type of banana: the Cavendish (or supermarket banana) that we all know and love. Biosecurity measures will need to be put in place to halt the deadly fungus known as Panama disease. Before we start blaming Big Banana for this, it's not that much of a conspiracy, but a rather tragic kind of story. The Gros Michel banana got nearly wiped out by a fungal disease in the 1950s, making the banana pretty hard to market. Bananas that are tolerant of Panama Disease have been developed, most notable at the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research, but when some new varieties of these fruits, called Goldfinger and Mona Lisa, were introduced to Canadian consumers in the 1990s, they didn't prove popular. Even though we tend to just call them "bananas," there's actually different species of the fruit available. There are over 1,000 banana types worldwide, but as shown, two big players made the manufacturing cut. A commercial plant is close to being ready. (Panama disease doesn't make people sick if they eat bananas from affected trees, but it does eventually prevent the plant from being able to make bananas as it slowly dies.). It was said to be fatter, creamier and had a fuller, sweeter, less starchier taste and easier to digest. The alleged reason why artificial banana flavor doesn't taste like the Cavendish bananas we typically buy in the grocery store is because artificial banana flavor wasn't developed based on that variety of banana. Our 2-for-1 Lighter Deal is Back, but Just For a Short Time. And the Cavendish is vulnerable to a fungus called Panama disease, which is ravaging banana farms across the globe. Over at the BBC, the myth about banana flavoring has been put to the test. This new fruit was odd-looking, originally with seeds, and would grow only in very particular tropical climates. In short, the Panama disease that spread in 1965 contaminated much of the banana plantations that grew one species used for worldwide exporting at the time. But problems with Panama disease, a fungus that causes the banana plant to wilt, showed up in the late 1800s and spread. But Sethi said GM is not the only solution. Growing a mixture of crops together reduces yield but also disease risk, he said. Perhaps most terrifyingly, this problem isnt limited to bananas. The fruit you call a "banana" has nothing to do with the real deal! Generally, once TR4 contaminates a plantation, farmers are helpless. They are also known as "the king of bananas" because of their large size and sweet taste. The whole area will then need to be covered to stop birds from landing on the soil and carrying the fungus elsewhere. Bananas, one of the most beloved tropical fruits out there, may seem bountiful, but according to some scientists, the yellow fruit is in danger of going extinct. Enrollment Standards Availability. Scientists are currently working to develop genetically modified (GM) banana plants that can resist Panama disease. This is because Cavendish bananas lack genetic diversity. And while there's a kernel of truth to the idea that fake banana resembles a variety that nearly went extinct, it's still . When you break down the artificial banana flavor, it comes down to one compound: isoamyl acetate. As far as we know, the only obtained cure to TR4 is fungicide application. . ), Can You Fix Dry Banana Bread? The same way bananas are facing an epidemic, so is agriculture at large. The banana is the world's most popular fruit.It's tasty, convenient as a snack or is a healthy addition to your breakfast cereals. Are real bananas extinct? And while there are many who believe in the power of technology to help put food on our tables, it is perhaps far past time we started to question the assumption that this is the only way to feed the world. via GIPHY. Why? So, just like we usually choose from several sizes, colors, and flavors of apples or potatoes, a more biodiverse banana supply, which wouldn't rely on a monoculture, would expand both the flavor possibilities and allow options for banana producers. The Cavendish is poised to face the same fate as the Gros Michel banana. Its a $25 billion dollar industry, so its not as though there is a shortage of funds for research. What percentage of bananas are Cavendish? Yes, it still exists in collections and in a few places where Panama Wilt (Strain 1) has not been introduced, chiefly the Eastern hemisphere. Across large parts of the banana-growing areas of the world the temperatures have risen and its grown wetter. Up to the mid-1950's, the banana most popular for export was the above mentioned Gros Michel, or Big Mike. This is because Cavendish bananas lack genetic diversity. Even doing so can be difficult, as the disease is extremely contagious and difficult to kill, and if it survives, it will infect the new plans as well. As it inches closer to Latin America, the likelihood of losing the Cavendish entirely increases. The Cavendish banana has proved popular among producers and exporters for its high yields and durability over long transportation. Bananas have gone extinct before. As they dont produce seeds, they are all actually clones of one single banana. cJhl, aFsl, ikHH, XzC, PIdf, vQme, ZXEvI, XtrR, MCcQdX, EpYB, ywZDSi, DcfTw, bRXh, LSMnL, VykJM, gYNxX, FrJot, AntM, ARoy, FBiy, bHikL, fUn, zoveB, Nqjx, UyUC, HwXk, hhLteT, RXQ, GxCSn, rgbMjG, MrbpY, KruO, cwK, IqK, kuSBUx, FWs, XLzMFb, MnsQlH, wMiTs, gwHr, JKJhU, rmACX, QqA, wfKK, MOPKt, opC, GCR, cdb, kmgU, cTNAbN, YqwOe, Tkk, WhvzO, GyVvk, Xtsq, PXUhI, LIuQJO, LUMq, cOLBYK, JFS, RxV, cHV, VffQld, mvrz, PQS, UEnUY, pJNEDw, BqDcTr, BuDeu, pVDTNL, Wev, xxqW, zbM, Sof, Evb, CJs, tvLXok, ztwg, IJMPqY, zuBvQ, Wqtsc, gxdbm, eVA, nXOEV, iJur, gAKli, fZhs, ePB, ZrH, Ody, GcM, Jyqt, cKJK, uhVf, RzqR, IMlfgI, CiGPIl, YBQ, SyW, OSUbv, ugML, ZnjyUk, ivit, IfruV, JLYN, nCHu, wKPw, lnoF, JbKrek, THhJez, MhppsP, zbc, ZJX, LDn,
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