Overview. Cite This Work These became worse with age, and were manifested by a withdrawal from the world and its affairs into his private interests. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mohcs on 29 August 1526, Ferdinand immediately applied to the parliaments of Hungary and Bohemia to participate as a candidate in the king elections. In 973, Otto II granted their request. Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne saw the situation as an opportunity to restore his relationship with the king, after refusing to support Conrad's election, and he crowned Gisela queen on 21 September 1024. Also not named in the text. [6], However, Julius died in 1609 after showing signs of schizophrenia, refusing to bathe, and living in squalor; his death was apparently caused by an ulcer that ruptured. As a result, the duke of Holstein - simultaneously the king of Denmark - rebelled and campaigned against his emperor for a couple of years. Soon, Henry's successor Conrad II claimed to have acquired Henry's rights to the Burgundian succession, which Rudolph disputed. The weaker ones were on the receiving end of the political machinery of this confederal elective monarchy, de facto ruling over not much more than their familys hereditary lands. Holborn, pp. After having ruled Venice for four years, Pietro I voluntarily abdicated to become a monk, allowing the pro-Ottonian Vitale to return to Venice as Doge in 977, restoring the city's friendly relationship with the Empire. Constantine Palaiologos. He was more intrigued by occult learning such as astrology and alchemy, which was mainstream in the Renaissance period, and had a wide variety of personal hobbies such as horses, clocks, collecting rarities, and being a patron of the arts. This emperor and his men always went about dressed uniformly in long robes cut like tabards which were all of one colour, namely white, and disapproved greatly of the fashions and varieties of dress worn by the English, declaring that they signified inconstancy and fickleness of heart. etc. Reviews revealed, that Ferdinand surrendered numerous previous claims and was ready for greater concessions than were ultimately necessary.[23]. After attacking Conrad's allies in Carinthia, Adalbero fled to his mother's estates in Ebersberg in the Duchy of Bavaria, where he remained until his death in 1039. Rudolf gave Prague a mystical reputation that persists in part to this day, with Alchemists' Alley on the grounds of Prague Castle a popular visiting place and tourist attraction. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 16:33. Otto of Worms loyally served the new Emperor and received the March of Verona in 955, as the actual Duchy of Carinthia was given to Henry IV of Bavaria. Conrad formally confirmed the popular legal traditions of Saxony and issued new constitutions for Lombardy. Unlike his father, Ferdinand III employed no spiritual counsellor. 10 Dec 2022. ; Latin: Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 29 November 1378), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus (Czech: Vclav, German: Wenzel), was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor.He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Bohemian House of Pemyslid from his In 1605, Rudolf was forced by his other family members to cede control of Hungarian affairs to his younger brother Archduke Matthias. Though Conrad's marriage differed little from the usual practice of the time, strict canonists frowned upon the marriage and Emperor Henry II relied on this violation of canon law when he forced Conrad into temporary exile. But as the army of Suleiman drew nearer he yielded and on 23 July 1532 the peace was concluded at Nuremberg where the final deliberations took place. An ardent Catholic and rigidly autocratic prince, Philip pursued an aggressive political, economic and religious policy toward the Dutch, resulting in a Dutch rebellion shortly after he became king. Otto the Great also failed to clarify affairs in Italy prior to his death. On 25 July 1414, with a fleet consisting of four galleys and two other vessels carrying contingents of infantry and cavalry, departed Constantinople for Thessalonica. First in the form of revolutionary armies, later in the persona of Napoleon Bonaparte (l. 1769-1821), France marched east with unprecedented success. The chronicler and Conrad's chaplain, Wipo of Burgundy, attended the meeting and documented the event. Picador, Pan Macmillan. Ferdinand did not endeavour to continue the war. At Vienna, they thwarted a major Ottoman assault on Central Europe with Polish assistance in 1683, and it was with this power base that they kept trying to obstruct the rise of France as a European great power. A year later in 1039 Conrad fell ill and died of gout in Utrecht. The emissaries justified the actions of their fellow citizens by claiming that Pavia had always been loyal to the Italian king, as long as the king was alive and present, and that the revolt had taken place when the Italian throne was vacant. Meanwhile, in the lands north of the Alps, cities negotiated with dukes and counts for greater economic freedom as well. Early in his reign, Otto II defeated a major revolt against his rule from other members of the Ottonian dynasty who claimed the throne for themselves. The Holy Roman Emperors definitively failed at this task when Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715) managed to extend his eastern borders to the Rhine river. Additionally, the Ottonians were active in the establishment of Church affairs, but Conrad was uninterested, only calling five synods during his reign and usually only to restore peace. [29] The threat of war from Willigis and Conrad I, Duke of Swabia forced Henry II to relinquish Otto III on June 29, 984 and to respect the regency of Theophanu.[30]. The Empire and Poland enjoyed peace for the remainder of Henry's reign. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I; 10 March 1503 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. [10] More sympathetic chroniclers said that it was due to his reddish complexion. [10], He largely withdrew from Catholic observances, even in death refusing the last sacramental rites. Ferdinand was born in 1503 in Alcal de Henares, Spain, the second son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile. His interior organs were separately buried in the Ducal Crypt. Henry's actions in naming a bishop in a duchy not his own and without Imperial direction brought him into conflict with both Otto II and Burchard III. He called another synod in September 1028, which also failed. Ferdinand's legacy ultimately proved enduring. The marriage brought the Empire and Venice into close relationship, with Otto I, in 967, granting a series of commercial agreements to Venice in general and to Pietro IV's family in particular. In the course of the negotiations, Ferdinand had to reconsider his original goals according to the deteriorating military situation. Romulus Augustus (c. 465 after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. Introduction, Text and Translation, Vienna, Academie der Wissenschaft, Vienna 1991. For the rest of his life, Rudolf would remain reserved, secretive, and largely a recluse who did not like to travel or even partake in the daily affairs of state.[3]. Since the 960s the island had been under Muslim rule as the Emirate of Sicily, a state of the Fatimid Caliphate. Violence erupted in Venice during 980 due to tensions between the pro-Ottonian Coloprini family and the pro-Byzantine Morosini family. After the Staufer dynasty, Franconia, Swabia, and Bavaria were replaced by the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. [9] Needing allies in his campaign against the Muslims and the Byzantine Empire, Otto II reconciled with Amalfian Duke Manso I, granting Imperial recognition of his rule over Salerno. Conrad fought alongside Otto and fell in the decisive Battle of Lechfeld in 955 that put an end to the Hungarian invasions into Europe. Archbishop Aribo of Mainz, the new Primate of Germany, counted on Conrad, who was indebted to Aribo for his support during the royal election. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Rudolf loved collecting paintings, and was often reported to sit and stare in rapture at a new work for hours on end. Then, Pandulf's nephew Pandulf II was given Benevento when Otto II partitioned Landulf IV's territory, with Landulf IV keeping Capua. When Otto the Great died, the smooth succession to the imperial throne of Otto II had long been guaranteed. As central imperial authority over Italy faded, they accelerated this process - eventually setting them on a trajectory towards the Renaissance, when Florence and Milan followed their example. But Matthias rallied support from the disaffected Hungarians and forced Rudolf to cede the crowns of Hungary, Austria, and Moravia to him. The Declaratio Ferdinandei was not debated in plenary session at all; using his authority to "act and settle,"[28] Ferdinand had added it at the last minute, responding to lobbying by princely families and knights. Luther at the Diet of WormsAnton Werner (Public Domain). [30][57], Bezprym's reign, however, was short. News, fixtures, scores and video. From the rise of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC to the sack of Rome in AD 455, there were over a hundred [26] At first, Ferdinand accepted this situation and he gave considerable freedom to the Bohemian estates. Manuel II Palaiologos was the second son of Emperor John V Palaiologos and his wife Helena Kantakouzene. The Reichstag decided that the content of the peace treaties in Mnster and Osnabrck under Reich law should become part of the Reich constitution.[30]. Submitted by Simon Duits, published on 09 June 2021. But when he died and the Staufer era came to an end in 1250, these challenges came to the fore with increased intensity. [18], An Imperial Diet was arranged for 1641 in Regensburg, where the estates discussed possible peace arrangements. It took Manuel three months to reassert imperial authority on the island. Conrad II (c. 989/990 4 June 1039), also known as Conrad the Elder and Conrad the Salic, was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039. Some of Ferdinand's own compositions survive in manuscripts: masses, motets, hymns and other sacred music, as well as a few secular pieces. Ferdinand remarried to another first cousin, Maria Leopoldine of Austria (1632-1649) on 2 July 1648. Now that the Empire had a strong central leader, the treaty significantly increased the Empire's influence over Poland. In June 1026, Conrad led his army to Ravenna, but quartering his soldiers among the Ravennese population caused tensions in the city. The distinguishing feature of Roman nomenclature was the use of both personal names and regular surnames.Throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, other ancient civilizations distinguished individuals through the use of single personal names, usually dithematic in nature. ; Latin: Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 29 November 1378), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus (Czech: Vclav, German: Wenzel), was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor.He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Bohemian House of Pemyslid from his The local merchants and aristocrats demanded the greatest possible autonomy from imperial control. In exchange for certain administrative privileges, Aribert agreed to crown Conrad King. Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608, in Graz 2 April 1657, in Vienna) was from 1621 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary from 1625, King of Croatia and Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 until his death in 1657.. Ferdinand ascended the throne at the beginning of the last decade of the Thirty Years' War and introduced lenient policies to depart [1], His conflict with the Ottoman Empire was the final cause of his undoing. In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. Otto II convened the Imperial Diet in mid-July at Dortmund. [4], Sultan Bayezid I blockaded Constantinople from 1394 to 1402. Although his authority among the princes was weakened after the war, in Bohemia, Hungary and the Austria, however, Ferdinand's position as sovereign was uncontested. As central authority decreased after the Staufer emperors, a decentralization process kicked in that transferred power from the ancient feudal aristocracy to the late medieval and early modern burgher class, who populated the cities. At age 17, Henry's march on Bohemia was his first independent military command. Without the support of the Swabian counts, Ernest, Conrad of Carinthia and Count Welf surrendered to Conrad at Worms on 9 September 1027, ending the rebellion. In his absence, Duke Ernest II of Swabia, Conrad the Younger and Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine rebelled against his authority. While his father had founded only one monastery (Otto I later replaced the abbey with the Cathedral of Magdeburg) during his 37-year reign, Otto II established at least four monasteries: Memleben, Tegernsee, Bergen, and Arneburg. ; German: Karl IV. Within a few months, both Ernest and Werner, who had retreated to Falkenstein Castle, south of modern Schramberg in the Black Forest, were killed in a battle against a contingent of the Bishop of Constance. Of Greek descent, John was the personal chaplain of Otto II's wife Theophanu, accompanying her when she traveled from Constantinople to marry Otto II. It also required the Church officials to act as quasi-bureaucracy for the Empire. [21] He then held an Imperial Diet at Verona on Pentecost 983. After his imperial coronation, he was challenged again and again by the flourishing mercantile republics in his own Kingdom of Italy. Following Otto II's death in 983, Theophanu, as her son Otto III's regent, would name John as Otto III's tutor. Before Henry II's civil war in southern Germany erupted, Otto II was faced with disputes in western Germany. In his Constitutio de feudis ("Edict on the Benefices of the Italian Kingdom") of 1038 he would determine his regulations of the feudal contracts in Italy. [2], Brendan Simms notes that the reason Ferdinand was able to gain this sphere of power was Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France. The maritime republics of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa had built up a significant amount of autonomy under the Staufer emperors. This allowed him to increase his power in this realm. [61] Oldich deposed and blinded Jaromr, reclaimed the Bohemian throne, and exiled his son Bretislaus. Barbarossa was beaten and returned north a bitter man. Recordings of Ferdinand's compositions include: Editing Ferdinand III, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Wrttemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. [28] News of Otto II's death first reached Germany after Otto III's coronation. Conrad thus left the Mezzogiorno firmly in Guaimar's hands and loyal, for once, to the Holy Roman Empire. However, in 1393 a large insurrection erupted in Bulgaria which, although successfully put down put down by the Ottomans, caused Bayezid to lapse into an episode of paranoia in which he believed his various Christian vassals were plotting against him. Find all the latest real-time sports coverage, live reports, analysis and comment on Telegraph Sport. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir John VIII Palaiologos, and went back to Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans, this time to the King Sigismund of Hungary, staying for two months in his court of Buda. When he had welcomed [the emperor], the king accompanied him into Paris, riding side by side. [24] Out of all his countries, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, Ferdinand's largest source of revenue. [58][59], The regulation was short-lived as in 1033 Otto was killed by one of his own men, and Mieszko II took over his domains. [52], Ferdinand died in Vienna in 1564 and is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. In late 1652 he summoned a Reichstag in Regensburg, which lasted until 1654. The success was only partial, as the Diet refused to recognise Ferdinand as hereditary lord of the Kingdom. Administration of Royal Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia, Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovaka upanija, 1997, Karslovac. He suffered from periodic bouts of "melancholy" (depression), which was common in the Habsburg line. Not desiring civil war, Otto II, on 22 September 973, invested Henry as bishop. A popular revolt, however, forced Boniface VII to flee to Constantinople, taking a vast treasure with him. The arrival of a minor on the Imperial throne threw the Empire into confusion, allowing Otto III's mother, the Byzantine Princess Theophanu, to reign as his regent. With Burgundy secured, Conrad controlled the western Alpine passes into Italy and could easily block foreign invasions.[77]. Formal theory. [81] His body was transferred to Speyer via Cologne, Mainz and Worms, where the funeral procession made stops. Ferdinand's last marriage was to Eleonora Magdalena Gonzaga of Mantua-Nevers in 1651. Eight years later in 1038, Herman died and Conrad installed his own son Henry as duke, securing imperial control over the duchy.[17]. German, Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian: Ferdinand I.; Hungarian: I. Ferdinnd; Spanish: Fernando I; Turkish: 1. Conrad had named Bishop Bruno of Augsburg regent of Germany while he marched south to Italy. The Ottonians had a particular religious interest in Memleben as both Otto II's father Otto I and grandfather Henry I had died there. Under his reign, there was a policy of toleration towards Judaism. [26] Ferdinand also sought to strengthen the position of the Catholic church in the Bohemian lands, and favoured the installation of the Jesuits there. In January 1027, the king summoned a synod at Frankfurt to end the dispute, but a conclusion could not be reached. Conrad had to enforce his royal prerogatives in the Duchy of Carinthia and the Duchy of Swabia. After an initial failure, the brothers attempted again in 976, this time with the support of King Lothar of France. Otto the Great's efforts to consolidate the Church under Imperial control had made this type of action normal. Soon after Otto II crushed Henry II's revolt in the south, the Emperor and his wife Theophanu returned to the old capital of Aachen in Lorraine. Thietmar blames the uprising on maltreatment of the Slavs by the Germans: "Warriors, who used to be our servants, now free as a consequence of our injustices. Determined to unify Christendom, he initiated the Long Turkish War (15931606) with the Ottoman Empire. In his mind, this called for an imperial title. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary (15261564). Here Manuel supervised the building of the Hexamilion (six-mile wall) across the Isthmus of Corinth, intended to defend the Peloponnese from the Ottomans. His victory allowed him to exclude the Bavarian line of the Ottonians from the line of Imperial succession. Suleiman had allocated Transylvania and eastern Royal Hungary to John II Sigismund, which became the "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", reigned over by his mother, Isabella Jagiellon, with Martinuzzi as the real power. Volume I was published in 1776 and Otto II appointed Willigis, the Archbishop of Mainz, to serve as his regent over Germany. Mieszko was allowed to retain the title of Duke and nominal authority over all of Poland. Since Martinuzzi was by this time an archbishop and Cardinal, this was a shocking act, and Pope Julius III excommunicated Castaldo and Ferdinand. With his power over northern and central Italy secured, Otto I sought to clarify his relationship with the Byzantine Empire in the East. From the rise of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC to the sack of Rome in AD 455, there were over a hundred [9], Historians have traditionally blamed Rudolf's preoccupation with the arts, occult sciences, and other personal interests as the reason for the political disasters of his reign. So the expropriations in Bohemia and the Verneuerte Landesordnung (Renewed Regional Order) of 1627 remained untouched. [53] The royal regalia were delivered by Mieszko II's wife, Richeza of Lotharingia. Otto I entrusted his illegitimate son, Archbishop William of Mainz, with Otto II's literary and cultural education. Conrad launched an invasion into Hungary, but was forced to retreat when the Hungarians successfully used scorched earth tactics. The first of a succession of four Salian emperors, who reigned for one century until 1125, Conrad ruled the kingdoms of Germany (from 1024), Italy (from 1026) and Burgundy (from 1033).. Following his coronation, a rift developed between Otto II and his mother, the Dowager Empress Adelaide of Italy. The Slavic territories east of the Elbe would remain pagan for over a century before further missionary work resumed: it would not be until the 12th century that the churches of Havelberg and Brandenburg would be reestablished. Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: , romanized:Manoul Palaiolgos; 27 June 1350 21 July 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. [a], However, the two nobles returned home with the Marshal of France Jean II Le Maingre who was sent from Aigues-Mortes with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Manuel II. 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