It continues to determine people's access to opportunity, privilege and also livelihood in many instances, if we look at health outcomes," she said. Second, the race categories INS Camps were regulated by international treaty. Both have been used to subjugate or persecute people. What we might identify as "racial groups" are essentially socially constructed groups based on method of categorization that doesnt go deeper than the surface of the skin. The legal difference between "interned" and relocated had significant effects on those who were imprisoned. In this Schedule the relevant person means Yet, the scientific basis for that premise simply isn't there. The English language's most successful export is a joke. In other words, it would be nonsense." They are not used to identify you personally. Ethnic categories are much more specific than racial categories and can be broken down further based on a persons religion, sect within a religion, or dialect, to name a few subcategories. It is difficult at this early date to predict what difference this demographic shift will mean for racial and ethnic relations in the United States. "That's what happens when a lot of African immigrants come to the United States and suddenly realize that while in their home countries, they were Senegalese or Kenyan or Nigerian, they come to the U.S. and they're Black." Since many program officials prefer to use guidelines with uniform increments across family sizes, the poverty guidelines include rounding and standardizing adjustments. While race does refer to broad, distinctive physical traits, physical traits do not equate to genetic makeup. Distributive principles vary in numerous dimensions. Do Races Differ? 6. For example, if you are celebrating someone as the first enter identity here CEO of the company, and the new CEO wants that identity included, then its relevant. In this paper, we analyze two key claims offered by recruitment AI companies in relation to the development and deployment of AI-powered HR tools: (1) recruitment AI can objectively assess candidates by removing gender and race from their systems, and (2) this removal of gender and race will make recruitment fairer, help customers attain their DEI goals, Youre actually implying that the positive trait youre praising the person or group for is not typical among this group. Join the discussion about your favorite team! Although the difference was not statistically significant among non-Hispanic Black men, obesity prevalence increased with educational attainment. One indication of the difference between race and ethnicity is that ethnicity can be hidden, but race is typically on display. The History and Meaning of 'Race' The word race on the form refers to the group or groups that you may identify with as having similar physical traits that are regarded as common among people of a shared ancestry, or as stated by The United States Census Bureau:. Creating Legends: How to Craft Characters Readers Adore or Despise! Do not stereotype. Racial formation theory, developed by sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi, frames race as an unstable, ever-evolving social construct that is tied to historical and political events. You might wonder why youre asked about race and ethnicity when you complete the census, medical forms, and job applications. or the dividing of people in this way. (Hint: It's usually complex.) Dec. 3, 2021. They might have completely different customs from African Americans who descended from formerly enslaved people and whose families have been in the U.S. for generations. Ethnicity recognizes differences between people mostly on the basis of language and shared culture.". Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. But race and ethnicity are not the same thing. Here are some of the words we're currently looking at for a spot in the dictionary. Comma Before "Except": When You Do and Don't Need One, List of 50 "In Conclusion" SynonymsWrite Better with ProWritingAid, Lowercase and Uppercase Letters: Definition and Meaning, As Well As in a Sentence: How to Use It (with Examples). Ethnicity is a broader term than race. National Human Genome Research Institute. Members of an ethnicity tend to identify with each other based on these shared traits. Today, race refers to a group sharing some outward physical characteristics and some commonalities of culture and history. In this Schedule the relevant person means Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "Black" means something different in the U.S. versus Brazil versus India, for example, and this difference in meaning manifests in real differences in social experience. It includes their language, nationality, heritage, religion, dress, and customs. (2018, July 13). This could apply for any member of any race. NY 10036. Definition and History, The Definition of Whiteness in American Society, Scientific and Social Definitions of Race, How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White 'Race'. The History and Meaning of 'Race' The word race on the form refers to the group or groups that you may identify with as having similar physical traits that are regarded as common among people of a shared ancestry, or as stated by The United States Census Bureau:. In a 2015 national survey of self-identified Hispanics, 56% said that being Hispanic is part of both their racial and (Image credit: JGI/Jamie Grill via Getty Images). (2014, July 31). How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom. Topics and methods in this subfield are wide-ranging, and the development of the field dates back to the early 20th That second definition emphasizes that race is not just physical, but philosophical. Race is usually seen as biological, referring to the physical characteristics of a person, while ethnicity is viewed as a social science construct that describes a person's cultural identity. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). (Image credit: ViewApart via Getty Images). Some scholars argue that race is cultural and reflects specific attitudes and beliefs imposed on populations in the wake of the Western European conquests of the 15th century. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/the-trump-administration-finds-that-environmental-racism-is-real/554315/ (opens in new tab), American Psychological Association. In social science and politics, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. Sociologists emphasize, though, that while race is not a concrete, fixed thing that is essential to human bodies, it is much more than simply an illusion. We recognize that the race categories include racial and national origins and sociocultural groups. Even with a chosen ethnicity, "race is always lurking in the background," she said. This also exposes the major distinction between race and ethnicity: While race is ascribed to individuals on the basis of physical traits, ethnicity is more frequently chosen by the individual. At its most fundamental, it breaks down to this: Race denotes a population of people who often share some similar physical characteristics and who often trace their ancestry back to the same general regions of the world (however, people travel and can have similar traits while sharing no ancestry, so this is not always the case). The specificity acknowledges that there is nuance among races and ethnicitiesnot everyone from one continent or region is the same. Lets start first with race, which refers to a category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and stature.A key question about race is whether it is more of a biological category or a social category. Get monthly updates on new and updated pages, policy activity, and events. Ancient Egyptian mummification was never intended to preserve bodies, new exhibit reveals, 'Quantum time flip' makes light move simultaneously forward and backward in time, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today for our Black Frida offer - Save up to 50%, Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Meanwhile, I can't get a plastic straw in the USA, because 80% of the pollution in the world's oceans comes from 8 (magic) rivers in Asia. Duh. Originally published on Live Science on Feb. 8, 2020 and updated on April 9, 2022. The association between obesity and income or educational level is complex and differs by sex and race/ethnicity. This article details the differences between race and ethnicity, how the terms overlap, and how various groups are categorized according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Whereas someone might say their race is Black, their ethnicity might be Italian. ACLU. Sociologists emphasize, though, that while race is not a concrete, fixed thing that is essential to human bodies, it is much more than simply an illusion. *If a holiday falls on a Saturday, for most Federal employees, the preceding Friday will be treated as a holiday for pay and leave purposes. Perceptions of race and ethnicity can even inform how we construct our own identities. Indeed, in a March 2020 article in the anthropology journal Sapiens, Alan Goodman, a professor of biological anthropology at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, noted that "Race is real, but it's not genetic," adding that: Ethnicity is the term used for the culture of people in a given geographic region or of people who descended from natives of that region. The image below displays other examples of words commonly used that are related to ethnicity, race, nationality, and culture that you can easily swap out for more inclusive terms. Based on similar physical and biological attributes, Based on cultural expression and place of origin, Merriam-Webster defines race as a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits.. Race and health refers to how being identified with a specific race influences health.Race is a complex concept that has changed across chronological eras and depends on both self-identification and social recognition. Government data about the UK's different ethnic groups. This article is rather disturbing in that it attempts to mix science with Political Correctness. Grades PreK - 4 Franz Boas, Father of American Anthropology. The concept of ethnicity contrasts with that of race in that it is concerned with group cultural identity or expression whereas race focuses on physical and biogenetic traits. Topics and methods in this subfield are wide-ranging, and the development of the field dates back to the early 20th Which explains perfectly the population rise in impoverished majorities. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. ); in the nature of the recipients of the distribution (individual persons, groups of persons, reference classes, etc. Rather than view themselves as Italians, they consider themselves Sicilian. Crossman, Ashley. In the past, race often referred to the group with which you share a similar cultural background, language, religion, or geographical origin. First, the [2020 US Census] question [about race] is based on how you identify. Crossman, Ashley. In this Schedule the relevant person means The center is part of a movement across the United States whose members lead events and discussions with the public to challenge historic and present-day racism. The concept refers to the necessity of considering the different social categories and forces that race interacts with as people experience the world, including but not limited to gender, economic class, sexuality, culture, ethnicity, and ability. It's common to see the terms "race" and "ethnicity" used interchangeably, but, generally speaking, the meanings are distinct. Notices. A person can be categorized as Asian racially and identify ethnically as Christian or be racially Asian and ethnically Muslim. Race refers to dividing people into groups, often based on physical characteristics. They are not naturally occurring groups," Jablonski emphasized. In other words, race is often perceived as something that's inherent in our biology, and therefore inherited across generations. L.A. Times entertainment news from Hollywood including event coverage, celebrity gossip and deals. Race and ethnicity can be related, but they are not the same thing. Another reason for complication: language is fluid. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0914628107 (opens in new tab). (2021, March 14). Literally, it implied the act of running but figuratively it came to refer to a person's progression through life or through a period in life. TheAmerican Sociological Associationeven has a webpage devoted to it. Additionally, while race and ethnicity are distinct terms, we sometimes use or apply them interchangeably, whether with good intentions, because the people around us do, or just out of ignorance. So why pretend? Somewhat strangely, the U.S. Census lists only two: Hispanic or Latino or Not Hispanic or Latino. Ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, while race generally cannot be. This results in a conflicting and often distressing experience of the process of identity formation. "Superior: The Return of Race Science (opens in new tab)" (Beacon Press, 2019) by Angela Saini Beacon tracks the history of scientific racism and the ways discredited ideas still influence scientific fields today. Drop us a line or let's stay in touch via : Subscribe for writing hacks, special offers and free stuff, 2022 - Orpheus Technology, prowritingaid.com. Science does show us that across all the categories that humans construct for ourselves, we share more in common than we don't. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-race-and-ethnicity-2834950. By. A person can be racially White and ethnically Irish or racially White and ethnically Spanish. The decision of an appeal committee and the grounds on 15. The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the Ancient Greek word , dilektos 'discourse', from , di 'through' and , lg 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena: . By. *If a holiday falls on a Saturday, for most Federal employees, the preceding Friday will be treated as a holiday for pay and leave purposes. The meaning of ETHNICITY is ethnic quality or affiliation. Trumps EPA Concludes Environmental Racism Is Real. How the US Census Bureau Identifies Ethnicity and Race. Examples of ethnicity include being labeled as Irish, Jewish, or Cambodian, regardless of race. INS Camps were regulated by international treaty. Since many program officials prefer to use guidelines with uniform increments across family sizes, the poverty guidelines include rounding and standardizing adjustments. "Understanding the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity." Etymology. They want to monitor compliance with antidiscrimination laws and regulations, too. "The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity." Examples of ethnicity include being labeled as Irish, Jewish, or Cambodian, regardless of race. When completing paperwork that asks for race, you may be asked to identify yourself as belonging to one or more of the following categories: Sometimes, you may be asked to select just one category. The traditional definition of race and ethnicity is related to biological and sociological factors respectively. There are no easy answers, but one thing is clear: While both are portrayed as a way to understand human diversity, in reality they also wield power as agents of division that don't reflect any scientific truths. But crucially, those are values that humans have chosen to ascribe to each other or themselves. *If a holiday falls on a Saturday, for most Federal employees, the preceding Friday will be treated as a holiday for pay and leave purposes. 6103(b).) 1. Throughout history up to and including todays world, race and ethnicity have also been used as grounds for discriminatory and oppressive behavior. Although the difference was not statistically significant among non-Hispanic Black men, obesity prevalence increased with educational attainment. The first definition probably confirms what you already knew or assumed: a persons race refers to distinctive physical characteristics such as skin color, eye shape, and hair color/texture. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 1907, this girl, Dolores by name, and a Catalonian by race . There are individual Asian checkboxes for people who identify as one or more of the following: The category Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.. It is difficult at this early date to predict what difference this demographic shift will mean for racial and ethnic relations in the United States. As the U.S. Census Bureau website explains (opens in new tab), having data about people's self-reported race "is critical in making policy decisions, particularly for civil rights.". Although the difference was not statistically significant among non-Hispanic Black men, obesity prevalence increased with educational attainment. She's also a licensed clinical social worker, psychotherapist, and international bestselling author. They may have been raised by parents from very different groups. [citation needed] "Understanding the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity." Principal investigators should assess the theoretical and/or scientific linkages between sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and their topic of study. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles. Someone might choose to identify themselves as Asian American, British Somali or an Ashkenazi Jew, for instance, drawing on different aspects of their ascribed racial identity, culture, ancestry and religion. These categories passed out of existence, and people from these groups began to be accepted into the wider White race, though some retained distinction as ethnic groups. Both terms denote social categorization of human beings and, because of the incredibly complex history of these subjects, carry a lot of baggage and varied meanings to different people. Favorite Snow and Snowmen Stories to Celebrate the Joys of Winter. "What Racism Costs Us All (opens in new tab)." Period. The race in power saw themselves as superior and other races as inferior. But the tricky bit is that there is absolutely no biological determinant of race. The traditional definition of race and ethnicity is related to biological and sociological factors respectively. New York, The DNA of two humans chosen at random generally varies by less than 0.1%. However, our perception and the census categories share a commonality: neither informs us of the essence or aspects of a persons identity other than what their physical appearance reveals. Race/ethnicity includes White British people, but Asian, Black and other ethnically diverse people are more likely to experience racial prejudice Continue reading Use morality to blame one group or another for the ills of the world. The Yorkshire type had always been the strongest of the British strains; the Norwegian and the Dane were a different race from the Saxon. Yet people of similar complexions/hair textures can be defined as different races, and the definitions in the U.S. have changed over time. ProWritingAids Style Guide allows you to personalize your own report rules specific to your rules. Grades PreK - 4 The Bureau collects data about race also because theyre ensuring that policies serve the needs of all racial groups. The image below displays other examples of words commonly used that are related to ethnicity, race, nationality, and culture that you can easily swap out for more inclusive terms. Examples of ethnicity include being labeled as Irish, Jewish, or Cambodian, regardless of race. Sociologists emphasize, though, that while race is not a concrete, fixed thing that is essential to human bodies, it is much more than simply an illusion. Groups that fall under this category include: The category Asian includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.. Not Really, Genes Show Natalie Angier reports that scientists say: while it may seem easy to tell at a glance whether a person is Caucasian, African or Asian, the ease dissolves when one probes beneath surface characteristics and scans the genome for DNA hallmarks of race.. Identity might bring to mind questions of skin color, nationality, language, religion, cultural traditions or family ancestry. the difference between spent and unspent convictions; how long before different kinds of conviction are considered to be spent; which convictions must be declared when applying for jobs or insurance; 6. Genome researcher Dr. J. Craig Ventor, one of the scientists of European ancestry included in the aforementioned study, along with other researchers, says the physical traits we use to differentiate races from each other are controlled by a small number of genes and as a result, have been able to change in response to environmental forces during the short course of Homo Sapiens history.. Examples of ethnicity include being labeled as Irish, Jewish, or Cambodian, regardless of race. Scientists have found that the amount of genetic variation within any racial group is greater than the average difference between any two groups. ThoughtCo, May. Currently, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the following guide to help people pick the category that best describes them: The category White includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.. For many, that identity is a source of pride and an important element of who they are. This approach to studying race and ethnicity framed those who were not white Anglo-Saxon as problems that needed to be solvedand was directed primarily by sociologists who were white men from middle to upper-class families. Remember all the degree programs related to studies of race and ethnicity? L.A. Times entertainment news from Hollywood including event coverage, celebrity gossip and deals. Humanity is but one Race. Duh. Second, the race categories generally reflect social definitions in the U.S. and are not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. Two people might identify their ethnicity as American, yet one is a Black person and the other is White. What Is The Difference Between Race And Ethnicity? Jablonski's own work on skin color, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (opens in new tab) in 2010, demonstrates this. While it is socially constructed through human interaction and relationships between people and institutions, as a social force, race is real in its consequences. As noted earlier, the history of the United States is filled with examples of prejudice and discrimination against immigrants. That flawed principle laid the groundwork for the belief that some races were superior to others which white Europeans used to justify the slave trade and colonialism, entrenching global power imbalances, as reported by University of Cape Town emeritus professor Tim Crowe at The Conversation (opens in new tab). Race and ethnicity may be largely abstract concepts, but that doesn't override their very genuine, real-world influence. The association between obesity and income or educational level is complex and differs by sex and race/ethnicity. The word "race", interpreted to mean an identifiable group of people who share a common descent, was introduced into English in about 1580, from the Old French rasse (1512), from Italian razza.An earlier but etymologically distinct word for a similar concept was the Latin word genus meaning a group sharing qualities related to birth, descent, origin, race, stock, or Are carrots orange because of a Dutch revolutionary? In general, its better to use specific rather than broad terms when describing identities. Early American sociologist W.E.B. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. Under the Equality Act 2010, the Protected Characteristic of Race means: A persons skin colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin. Being a member of an ethnic group involves following some or all of those cultural practices. Not Really, Genes Show. All this paints a complex picture, which might leave us pondering how we should view the idea of race and ethnicity. It can also include the ancestry or experiences people have shared based on or because of those physical traits. Instead, they can identify as belonging to many groups, or they could feel as though they make up a smaller group that is not an option on a form. Although organizations might want to collect statistics on race and ethnicity, people dont always fit into simple categories. When speaking to colleagues about family, ). By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Researchers have found that skin color variations stem from adaptations to the environment. United States Census Bureau. 82% of people in England and Wales are white, and 18% belong to a black, Asian, mixed or other ethnic group (2021 Census data). Ethnicity is likely a bit more difficult to explain for most people. Study Finds Significant Differences in Dementia Based on Race and Ethnicity, Study Reveals Racial and Demographic Disparities in Clinical Trials, Why the Model Minority Stereotype is So Harmful to Asian Americans, How Domestic Violence Varies by Ethnicity, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation, Ensure fairness in the distribution of aid, Enforce compliance with antidiscrimination laws, Develop new programs and funding to address the needs of various groups, Gauge effectiveness of existing initiatives, Address race and ethnicity issues in obtaining access to healthcare and assistance, Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government, Other Asian (e.g., Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong), Other Pacific Islander (e.g., Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese), Other Spanish cultures (e.g., Salvadoran, Dominican, Spaniard, Colombian, Guatemalan, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Venezuelan, Honduran, etc. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Why We Ask AboutEthnicity. Always. Indeed, delineating or separating people into different races is a sociological concept that seeks to segregate humans based on similar skin color and physical appearance. The category American Indian or Alaska Native includes all individuals who identify with any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.. This article details the differences between race and ethnicity, how the terms overlap, and how various groups are categorized according to the U.S. Census Bureau. "About the topic of race (opens in new tab)." One tangible example of health disparity comes from the United States, where data shows that African American women are more than twice as likely to die in childbirth compared with white women, the Census Bureau reported. LOL. Understanding the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity. The theory of systemic racism, developed by sociologist Joe Feagin, is an important and widely used theory of race and racism that has gained particular traction since the rise of the BlackLivesMatter movement. Yet in reality, it's not quite so simple. The poverty thresholds used by the Census Bureau for statistical purposes are complex and are not composed of standardized increments between family sizes. One indication of the difference between race and ethnicity is that ethnicity can be hidden, but race is typically on display. 14, 2021, thoughtco.com/difference-between-race-and-ethnicity-2834950. Why Are Race and Ethnicity Such Complicated Concepts? Persecution based on ethnicity, however, also has been common. Some researchers believe that the concepts of both race and ethnicity have been socially constructed because their definitions change over time, based on public opinion. The sociology of race and ethnicity is a large and vibrant subfield within sociology in which researchers and theorists focus on the ways that social, political, and economic relations interact with race and ethnicity in a given society, region, or community. Unlike race, which is primarily seen and understood on the basis of skin color and phenotype, ethnicity does not necessarily provide visual cues. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Race vs Ethnicity: What's the Difference? Grouping people according to their skin color shows only that their ancestors got similar amounts of sunlightand they may actually have very little in common genetically. The ways the questions are asked have also shifted. Built by the Race Disparity Unit Contact: ethnicity@cabinetoffice.gov.uk. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Some sociologists believe that racial divisions are based more on sociological concepts than biological principles. Race/ethnicity includes White British people, but Asian, Black and other ethnically diverse people are more likely to experience racial prejudice Continue reading Learn a new word every day. Ethnicity? Further, significant genetic variations exist within people of shared races. Some examples of these groups include: German, Italian, Lebanese, Cajun, Chaldean, Slavic, Iranian, French, Polish, Egyptian, Irish, and English. The sociology of race and ethnicity is a large and vibrant subfield within sociology in which researchers and theorists focus on the ways that social, political, and economic relations interact with race and ethnicity in a given society, region, or community. Racial identity is powerful. The Difference Between Race and Ethnicity. Their theory illuminates how race has been and continues to be a politically contested social construct, upon which is granted access to rights, resources, and power. Sometimes, we are uncomfortable examining those behaviors and/or for holding ourselves or others accountable. Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. (Eds. Ethnic Cleansing. (See 5 U.S.C. In a 2015 national survey of self-identified Hispanics, 56% said that being Hispanic is part of both their racial and However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in their new homeland, includingdiscrimination, created a new ethnic identity. Race, however, is pretty much just skin-deep, and describes some of the physical traits a certain population might share. However, the differences were not all statistically significant. Deadly 'rogue wave' smashes into cruise ship near Antarctica but where did it come from? 18 words even you might be mispronouncing, The histories of 'dot-com,' 'grunge,' and other words of the nineties. The idea of "race" originated from anthropologists and philosophers in the 18th century, who used geographical location and phenotypic traits like skin color to place people into different racial groupings, according to Britannica (opens in new tab). The end result: people may have racial similarity but ethnic dissimilarity. A grammar guru, style editor, and writing mentor in one package. People of different races can have a shared ethnicity. In the study of race and health, scientists organize people in racial categories depending on different factors such as: phenotype, ancestry, social identity, If that identity is extraneous, leave it out. How to use ethnicity in a sentence. First, the [2020 US Census] question [about race] is based on how you identify. The image below displays other examples of words commonly used that are related to ethnicity, race, nationality, and culture that you can easily swap out for more inclusive terms. Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. People are complex, and trying to put ourselves or others into cookie-cutter categories doesnt work so well. For some answers and some insight into the history and social impact of race and ethnicity, check out Gene Dembys article. Because the driver of the triangular trade [which included slavery] was capitalism, and the accumulation of wealth," said Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, a medical anthropologist at the Center on Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) at the Social Science Research Institute (SSRI), Duke University. 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