Their churches were magnificent, sometimes more opulent than the cathedral (the main church of a diocese). Scholars argue that SERESURE work on pastoral training separated themselves from other seminaries. (AP) 36And sitting down, they kept watch(AQ) over him there. In areas controlled by the Constitutionalists, there was tremendous violence against church property and holy objects, including the smashing of religious statues and stabling horses in churches. 42 And daily in the temple, and in every house, they ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ. Karl Schmitt, "The Daz Conciliation Policy on State and Local Levels, 18761911." Let God rescue him(AY) now if he wants him, for he said, I am the Son of God. 44In the same way the rebels who were crucified with him also heaped insults on him. With Daz's ouster and exile, Madero was poised to take power in Mexico, but did so only after nationwide elections. This was due to SERESUREs consistent emphasis on socially aware pastoral work along with hosting annual conferences on indigenous pastoral work. "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico. The implementation of the policy was marked by statements of the Secretary of the Interior (Gobernacin) that religious liberty and freedom of conscience would be respected and that the government would not provoke conflict with the Church. In Morelos, priests were not persecuted, and some actively supported the guerrilla struggle. WebPersonal answers to Bible questions handled by our team of Christian volunteers known as the Email Evangelists! Where is the debater of this age? Another eighteenth-century example of private philanthropy that then became a crown institution was the Hospicio de Pobres, the Mexico City Poor House, founded in 1774 with funds of a single ecclesiastical donor, Choirmaster of the Cathedral, Fernando Ortiz Corts, who became its first director. 36 For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to nought. 13May the God of hope fill you with all ljoy and peace in believing, so that by the power of the Holy Spirit you may abound in hope. ", Ellis, L. Elthan. Although, some paid the cost by imprisonment, torture, and at worst death. It has been considered a quid pro quo agreement. 10I appeal to you, brothers,1 by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree, and that there be no pdivisions among you, but that you be united qin the same mind and the same judgment. Cline, "Church and State in Bourbon New Spain", p. 253. And from among your own selves will arise men speaking twisted things, to draw away the disciples after them. Speak all the words of this heavenly, divine life, in comparison with which the present earthly life does not deserve the name. Liberation Theology as one could put it is a call to action. One of the major challenges for friars in creating such materials was to find words and phrasing that evoked the sacred without confusing the indigenous about Christianity and their old beliefs. WebThe resurrection of Jesus (Biblical Greek: ) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus on the third day after his crucifixion, starting or restoring his exalted life as Christ and Lord. 31so that, as it is written, wLet the one who boasts, boast in the Lord.. NIV Reverse Interlinear Bible: English to Hebrew and English to Greek. Seventeenth-century bishop of Puebla and Osma (Spain), Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was beatified in 2011 by Benedict XVI. "[116] The constitution did not ban the Church as an institution, or prevent Mexicans from practicing Catholicism, but it forced some Catholics into a dilemma of respecting civil law or their conscience when the government enforced the anticlerical laws the 1920s. However, testators did order property to be sold for Masses for their souls or gave money directly to the local friar, which may well have been encouraged by the recipients but can also be the testators gesture of piety. [89] Marriage became a civil contract, although no provision for divorce was authorized. 17In Christ Jesus, then, I have sreason to be proud of tmy work for God. Thats your responsibility., My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?. Blessed are those whose way is blameless, who walk in the law of the Lord! 21So jlet no one boast in men. [23] Fray Alonso de Molina compiled a bilingual dictionary in Nahuatl (Mexicana) and Spanish (Castellano) to aid the friars in teaching and preaching. La Iglesia ha tenido un desgaste moral ante la sociedad, por el mal ejemplo de algunos. 28When therefore I have completed this and have delivered to them what has been collected,2 I will leave ifor Spain by way of you. In Tlaxcala, the Virgin of Ocotlan is important; in Jalisco Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos and the Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan are important pilgrimage sites; in Oaxaca, the Basilica of Our Lady of Solitude is important. The government had hoped that this law would bring in enough revenue to secure a loan from the United States, but sales would prove disappointing from the time it was passed all the way to the early 20th century.[90]. Most prominent of these was the attack on the special privileges of the clergy, the fuero eclesistico which exempted churchmen from prosecution in civil courts.[41]. ", Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach. 7Therefore welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you, for the glory of God. [162] Ruiz's diocese had a high proportion of indigenous Mayan parishioners. As mentioned above, some radical priests prided themselves on educating people on the leftist ideologies. ", Jrade, Ramn, "Inquiries into the Cristero Insurrection Against the Mexican Revolution. It was the sole permissible church in the colonial era and into the early Mexican Republic, following independence in 1821. In September 1988 the Vatican beatified Father Miguel Pro, who had been summarily executed in crucifix posture; further beatifications and some canonizations occurred in 2000 and 2005, considered Saints of the Cristero War. [65], The Church has also canonized a number of twentieth-century Saints of the Cristero War; Father Miguel Pro was beatified in 1988 by John Paul II. Calles was a known anticlerical, more fanatical in his ideology than many other Constitutionalists, perhaps because he felt the sting of his status as a natural son of parents who had not married in the Church, nor had they bothered to baptize him; his father had abandoned him and his mother died when he was three. Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico", p. 2. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high. It was conceived of as a moderate measure, rather than abolish church courts altogether. President Manuel Avila Camacho (19401946) came to office declaring "I am a [Catholic] believer," (soy creyente) and Church-State relations improved though without constitutional changes. L. Elthan Ellis, "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico", Jan Rus and Robert Wasserstrom, "Evangelization and Political Control: The SIL in Mexico." 22whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas or the world or life or death or the present or the futureall are yours, And we also thank God constantly for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers. The 1992 federal Act on Religious Associations and Public Worship (Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Pblico), known in English as the Religious Associations Act or (RAA), has affected all religious groups in Mexico.[9]. Non-Catholics were banned from emigrating to Spain's overseas territories, with potential migrants needing to receive a license to travel that stated they were of pure Catholic heritage. The 1988 election in Mexico was a watershed event. "[I]n Yucatan the cofrada in its modified form was the community."[39]. In Christian doctrine, the ascension is correlated with the deification of Jesus, meaning that through his ascension, Jesus took his seat at the right hand of God: "He ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.". With generations of racial mixing in Mexico in a process termed mestizaje, elite families had anxiety about interlopers who were of inferior racial status. He came to the attention of the Inquisition for conducting autos-de-fe and punishing Indians without authority. The first of the Liberal Reform Laws were passed in 1855. What crime has he committed? asked Pilate. As he came to know his diocese better, he paid increasing attention to the marginalization and oppression of the Maya. Sarah Cline, "Church and State in Bourbon New Spain," p. 252. 63Sir, they said, we remember that while he was still alive that deceiver said, After three days I will rise again.(BN) 64So give the order for the tomb to be made secure until the third day. However, the Lerdo Law did not apply only to the Church. 4I fgive thanks to my God always for you because of the grace of God that was given you in Christ Jesus, Though this is important, Liberation Theology in Mexico is much deeper and will be explained in the following information. University of California, Santa Barbara 1999. The conflict was ended by mediation in 1929. [68][69], The Bourbon monarchy increasingly tried to gain control over ecclesiastical funds for their own purposes. The mendicants did not protest their expulsion. Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path. p.237 p.238. "[103] Madero was elected in a landslide and took the oath of office, despite the National Catholic Party's attempt to undermine his popularity. The diocese of Mexico was established in Mexico City in 1530. Oh that my ways may be steadfast in keeping your statutes! He will not leave you or forsake you.. Greet my beloved Epaenetus, who was tthe first convert2 to Christ in Asia. Article 27 also prevented churches from holding real property at all. 4For gwhen one says, I follow Paul, and another, I follow Apollos, hare you not being merely human? Lay organizations became important during the crisis, a strategy of the hierarchy to strengthen Catholic resistance without the hierarchy's direct intervention, But there is also evidence of widespread lay Catholic desire to passively resist the anticlerical measures, as opposed to the active and often violent resistance of the Cristero fighters. A bishop ruled over a geographical district, a diocese, subdivided into parishes, each with a parish priest. As with liberals in the nineteenth century who sought to reduce the Catholic Church's power, the Constitutionalist were not necessarily anti-Catholic or atheists. [156] When Pope John Paul II visited Mexico in 1979 as part of the Conference of Latin American Bishops' gathering in Puebla, President Miguel Lpez Portillo (197682) gave the pope a warm welcome even though this was not a state visit. 14If the work that anyone has built on the foundation survives, ahe will receive a reward. (1-11) The power which accompanied the preaching of the gospel. why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart? [197] The Catholic hierarchy has disputed the story and during the presidency of Vicente Fox (200006), the investigation was re-opened but with no definitive results. 2005. H Gillow's appointment as archbishop of Oaxaca, Daz's home state, and his personal relationship with Daz, positioned him to influence church-state relations in Mexico. The friars sought ways to make their task of converting millions of Indians less daunting. 21. The church supported Mexican independence, since the Plan of Iguala's first provision was the continuation of the existing standing and privileges of the Catholic Church. Proud member ", Jorge A. Vargas, "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters. In Chihuahua, the PAN gained a larger share of votes, and in 1986, was widely expected to win the gubernatorial election. "He focused on one of his main talking points, inequality, while skipping any thorny local political issues. 17 Transitorio de la Constitucin de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos," 28 January 1992. The Anointing at Bethany. This call to action would lead to a huge change for the Catholic church and the indigenous people, especially the poor, living in Latin America. To whom did Ananias lie when he made a contribution to the apostles. Churches were built in the major Indian towns and, by the late sixteenth century, local neighborhoods; barrios (Spanish) or tlaxilacalli (Nahuatl) built chapels. Book III, Chapter 29", "Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time", "Pope gives relics of St. Peter to Orthodox patriarch", "Pope Francis explains decision to give relics of St. Peter to Orthodox", "The inexplicable transfer of St Peter's relics to Constantinople", Introduction to the New Testament, Volume 2, Women in scripture: a dictionary of named and unnamed women in the Hebrew Bible, Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts, Gospel images in fiction and film: on reversing the hermeneutical flow, From every people and nation: the book of Revelation in intercultural perspective, The ironic apocalypse in the novels of Leopoldo Marechal, "Papal Basilica Saint Paul Outside-the-Walls", The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary, "Otto Zwierlein on the Traditions about Peter in Rome", The Holy Bible, according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611), "Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles", "Strong's Greek: 2786. The Law also stated that the Church could not gain possession of properties in the future. [150] The founding of two Catholic universities in this period is an important step toward a different relationship between church and state regarding education. But he answered them, You see all these, do you not? As nineteenth-century conservative politician and historian Lucas Alamn observed, Mexican independence "was the natural result of a simple change of front by the army, instigated by the higher clergy who were antagonistic to the Spanish Cortes [parliament]Independence was achieved by the very ones who had opposed it. "most scholars, both Catholic and Protestant, concur that Peter died in Rome" Keener, Craig S., [biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm Cephas (Aramaic for rock)], Basil li. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures. [86] This proved to be considerably more controversial than the Jurez Law. The church that became the first cathedral was begun in 1524 on the main square Zcalo and consecrated in 1532. The diocese of Michoacan (now Morela) became an archdiocese in the sixteenth century as well. In Cuernavaca, liberationist Sergio Mndez Arceo was replaced by Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo, who dismantled the liberationist programs in the diocese and promoted charismatic Catholicism. We refuse to practice cunning or to tamper with God's word, but by the open statement of the truth we would commend ourselves to everyone's conscience in the sight of God. For it is written, hHe catches the wise in their craftiness, * 30 Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of [his] disciples that are not written in this book. 2 They said, Not during the festival, for fear that there may be a riot among the people.. "[207] But at the USA border in Ciudad Jurez, he "delivered a stinging critique of leaders on both sides of the fence" for the "humanitarian crisis" of forced migration. Ambassador to Mexico wrote his superiors in Washington that "[t]he Roman Catholic Church and the party that takes its name have become violently antagonistic to Madero, and are busily engaged through the Republic in criticizing his motives, decrying his policies, and censuring the weakness and vacillation which is supposed to characterize his direction of affairs. 40, no. When friars began to evangelize elsewhere in New Spain where there were other indigenous groups, they created similar materials in languages as diverse as Zapotec, Maya, and Chinantec. Schell, "An Honorable Avocation for Ladies", p. 79. 25jNow to him who is able to strengthen you kaccording to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, laccording to the revelation of the mystery mthat was kept secret for nlong ages 7So nneither he who plants nor he who waters is anything, but only God who gives the growth. 15Now it was the governors custom at the festival to release a prisoner(Q) chosen by the crowd. Although most haciendas had a free work force of permanent or seasonal laborers, the Jesuit haciendas in Mexico had a significant number of black slaves.[48]. The nineteenth century saw initial continuity of church-state relations in Mexico, but Mexican liberals increasingly sought to curtail the power and privilege of the Roman Catholic Church. [81] Vicente Riva Palacio, an important, late nineteenth-century historian of Mexico and political liberal, assessed the significance, contending that "This religious ceremony indicates the supremacy of the clergy, without whose intervention in matters of policy, acts would have been illegal and all authority would have been insecure and weak. 61Mary Magdalene and the other Mary were sitting there opposite the tomb. ], Juan Diego, the Nahua who is credited with the vision of Our Lady of Guadalupe was beatified in 1990 and canonized in 2002 by John Paul II in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe. 27:11-26pp Mk 15:2-15; Lk 23:2, 3, 18-25; Jn 18:29-19:16, Ge 20:6; Nu 12:6; 1Ki 3:5; Job 33:14-16; Mt 1:20; 2:12, 13, 19, 22, 27:33-44pp Mk 15:22-32; Lk 23:33-43; Jn 19:17-24, 27:45-56pp Mk 15:33-41; Lk 23:44-49; Jn 19:29-30, 27:57-61pp Mk 15:42-47; Lk 23:50-56; Jn 19:38-42, NIV, Biblical Theology Study Bible, Comfort Print: Follow Gods Redemptive Plan as It Unfolds throughout Scripture, NIV, Journal the Word Bible, Double-Column, Red Letter Edition, Comfort Print: Reflect, Take Notes, or Create Art Next to Your Favorite Verses, NIV, Beautiful Word Bible Journal, Galatians, Paperback, Comfort Print, NIV, The Story: The Bible as One Continuing Story of God and His People, NIV, The Woman's Study Bible, Full-Color, Red Letter: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation, NIV, Verse Mapping Bible, Comfort Print: Find Connections in Scripture Using a Unique 5-Step Process. Headed by Dominican Alex Morell, and the movement was centralized around four main goals: The strengthening ties with the popular sectors of society; helping them succeed at economic and political independence from caciques and political parties; educating them the foundations of liberation theology as useful tools to improve their everyday lives; and calling for a socialist alternative to capitalism. Following independence, it involved itself directly in politics, including in matters that did not specifically involve the Church.[1]. 26Then he released Barabbas to them. This imposition of a particular ideology was destabilizing in Mexico, which had just experienced the religious crisis of the 1920s, and mobilized an array of middle class opponents, including Catholics. Many of these were incorporated into the Constitution of 1857, restricting the Church's corporate ownership of property and other limitations. a So the chief priests and the scribes were seeking a way to arrest him by treachery and put him to death. * 3 When he was in This Godhis way is perfect; the word of the Lord proves true; he is a shield for all those who take refuge in him. 28God chose what is low and despised in the world, even pthings that are not, to qbring to nothing things that are, The Franciscans, the first-arriving mendicants, staked out the densest and most central communities as their bases for conversion. 24 Now when the high priest and the captain of the temple and the chief priests heard these things, they doubted of them whereunto this would grow. Liberal general Porfirio Daz, who became president in 1876, strengthened the Mexican government ties with the Catholic Church with an agreement formulated in 1905. The order was founded in Mexico by Bernardino de Alvarez (15141584), and it established a number of hospitals. 53They came out of the tombs after Jesus resurrection and[e] went into the holy city(BG) and appeared to many people. President Carlos Salinas de Gortari announced in his December 1988 inaugural address that he would "modernize" Mexico and led the process to change the Mexican constitution, including most of its anticlerical provisions, that was passed in 1992. At the same time that the episcopal hierarchy was established, the Society of Jesus or Jesuits, a new religious order founded on new principles, came to Mexico in 1572. During the period 1876 to 1911, relations between the Catholic Church and the Mexican government were stable. Truly, I say to you, there will not be left here one stone upon another that will not be thrown down. As he sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately, saying, Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the close of the age? And Jesus answered them, See that no one leads you astray. 25At present, however, fI am going to Jerusalem bringing aid to the saints. The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. For example, they set up agriculture practices such as planting crops, setting up health nutrition classes, and weekly meetings discussing peoples' daily problems. A major change came in 1992, with the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (19881994). Voter apathy had become a problem in Mexico, since many citizens saw the process as corrupt and assumed their vote would not count. Congress. a So the chief priests and the scribes were seeking a way to arrest him by treachery and put him to death. Lay women in some cases became religious leaders in their communities, leading the liturgy of worship but in the absence of a priest, there was no communion. With his successor, Manuel vila Camacho (19401946), Church-State relations entered a new period of conciliation, similar to the Porfiriato. Increasingly the crown became hostile to the production of materials in indigenous languages, so that Sahagn's multivolume General History was not a model for such works elsewhere in Mexico. 4For xwhatever was written in former days was written for our yinstruction, that through endurance and through zthe encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. This Week's Essay Originally published December 8, 2019. Mexican bishops protested the articles from their exile in Texas and continued to object to the anticlerical articles in subsequent years. Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas, bishop of Puebla, served from June 29, 1664 October 15, 1664. In the sixteenth century, the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy was part of a larger Crown policy that in the early period increasingly aimed at diminishing the role of the mendicant orders as parish priests in central areas of the colony and strengthening the role of the diocesan (secular) clergy. ", Jorge A. Vargas, "Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 19881995." CEBs were initially encouraged by the Catholic Church in Mexico, due to reasons such as the deficiency of priests and nuns in Mexico particularly in the rural areas. [200][201], In 2012, Fr. According to Matthew, Mark and Luke, "the rooster crowed". Beyond that, I do not know whether I baptized anyone else.) During the Constitutionalist struggle against Huerta as early October 1913, following the February Huerta coup, Carranza was clearly planning on strictly enforcing the Laws of the Reforma,[108] which had been ignored in the later Daz regime, though not repealed. It would prevent the increase of false professors. Puebla, New Spain's second largest city, had 11, with its first in 1568; Guadalajara had 6, starting in 1578; Antequera (Oaxaca), had 5, starting in 1576. [105], Madero as a martyr to democracy did what he was unable to do since his election, that is, bring together disparate forces into action against Huerta's government, while the National Catholic Party and the clergy stood with it. However, even a few relatively small provincial cities had convents, including Ptzcuaro (1744), San Miguel el Grande (1754), Aguascalientes (1705-07), Mrida (Yucatn) 1596, and San Cristbal (Chiapas) 1595. [47] They argued that they were exempt, due to special pontifical privileges. In the midst of the Great Depression, it seemed prudent to deal with matters other than the role of the Catholic Church in Mexican life. Another unusual cleric-viceroy was Juan Ortega y Montas, archbishop of Mexico City archdiocese, who served twice as interim viceroy, February 27, 1696, to December 18, 1696, and again from November 4, 1701, to November 27, 1702. [148][149], Earlier in the 1930s, the Mexican government under Crdenas attempted to impose socialist education, emphasizing Marxist thought including the idea of class conflict. 19wby the power of signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of Godso that xfrom Jerusalem and all the way around yto Illyricum I have fulfilled the ministry of the gospel of Christ; Do not add to his words, lest he rebuke you and you be found a liar. 27 Early in the morning, all the chief priests and the elders of the people made their plans how to have Jesus executed. But repentance and remission of sins are blessings they neither valued nor saw their need of; therefore they, by no means, admitted his doctrine. ("Good is generally not news, evil is always magnified. The sum of your word is truth, and every one of your righteous rules endures forever. Why is the Ascension of Jesus so Important to Christians? Bourbon policy also began to systematically exclude American-born Spaniards from high ecclesiastical and civil office while privileging peninsular Spaniards. As well as the church was worried about the growing number of protestants.[166]. This modus vivendi with the Catholic Church was termed his "conciliation policy. But in the early Republic, established in 1824, the Catholic Church exerted both power and influence and sought to establish its complete independence of civil authority. [84] The papacy countered that the Patronato reverted to the Vatican now that the political situation was transformed, and that Mexico needed to petition to receive the concession in its own right. How sad to see those relations who should quicken one another to that which is good, hardening one another in that which is evil! Catholic Church officials were not only alarmed by the suddenness of Calles's decision, but also by the profound shift in Church-State interactions. "[208] He broke with Vatican tradition in celebrating Mass with these indigenous peoples, and challenged Catholic bishops in Mexico to "show singular tenderness" toward them. In general though the Inquisition imposed penalties that were far less stringent than capital punishment. Christ will work by all his faithful servants; and every one who applies to him shall be healed.17-25 There is no prison so dark, so strong, but God can visit his people in it, and, if he pleases, fetch them out. Before explaining the different radical movements, it is important to mention one Jesuit Priest Rodolfo Escamilla Garca. "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach,", Butler, Matthew. Q Without the resurrection, the belief in God's saving grace through Jesus is destroyed. Now these Jews were more noble than those in Thessalonica; they received the word with all eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see if these things were so. The earth shook, the rocks split(BF) 52and the tombs broke open. Thus, elite land owners had access to credit to finance acquisitions of property and infrastructure improvement, with multi-decade mortgages. 58Going to Pilate, he asked for Jesus body, and Pilate ordered that it be given to him. 32so that by Gods will I may come to you with joy and nbe refreshed in your company. (AG) 30They spit on him, and took the staff and struck him on the head again and again. A denial when a female servant of the high priest spots Simon Peter, saying that he had been with Jesus. ", Blancarte, Roberto. Do not fear or be in dread of them, for it is the Lord your God who goes with you. He collected information about Nahuas in what is now modern Guerrero. [196], In 1993, Cardinal Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo of Guadalajara was shot 14 times at point blank range at the international city's airport, as he waited in his car for the arrival of the apostolic nuncio. PhD dissertation. The Catholic weekly Desde la Fe wrote in an editorial, "El bien generalmente no es noticia, el mal, siempre es magnificado. Otherwise, his disciples may come and steal the body(BO) and tell the people that he has been raised from the dead. C 38 And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: 39 But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. 25 Then came one and told them, saying, Behold, the men whom ye put in prison are standing in the temple, and teaching the people. The Church immediately rejected the constitution and "call[ed] on Catholics to fight for its abolition. He advocated the radical See, Judge, Act form of socio-religious activism method for public action. 12When he was accused by the chief priests and the elders, he gave no answer. 16 There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto Jerusalem, bringing sick folks, and them which were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed every one. 20and again, iThe Lord knows the thoughts of the wise, that they are futile. Some Christian dichotomous concepts, such as good and evil, were not easy to convey to Nahuas, since their belief system sought a middle ground without extremes. The empire fell and conservatives were discredited, along with the Catholic Church. However, the National Action Party (Mexico) in alliance with the weakened PRI became allies to move toward fundamental reforms. Cline, Sarah. The government asserted its right to appoint clerics, rather than the Church hierarchy, claiming the Patronato Nacional. 5 And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost: and great fear came on all them that heard these things. In fact, he did talk quite a bit about love. c. His role was a significant departure from government practice of working with the Catholic hierarchy, but not giving them power. Catholicism is one of many major legacies from the Spanish colonial era, the others include Spanish as the nation's language, the Civil Code and Spanish colonial architecture. 9For we are pGods fellow workers. Already you are clean because of the word that I have spoken to you. Though our outer self is wasting away, our inner self is being renewed day by day. Give the Gift of Bible Study Tools PLUS! 6even as ithe testimony about Christ was confirmed among you Nuns were enclosed in their convents, but some orders regularly permitted visits from the nuns family members (and in Sor Juana's case, the viceroy and his wife the virreina), as well as her friend, the priest and savant Don Carlos de Sigenza y Gngora. 16cDo you not know that you3 are Gods temple and that Gods Spirit dwells in you? [84] However sweeping these reforms were, liberals did not end Catholicism as the exclusive religion of Mexico. The Church had contested all these restrictions from the beginning. Under Madero this was possible, since as an ardent adherent of democracy, he valued the right and exercise of freedom of expression and association, including the formation of political parties. 2 * He said to them in reply, [In the evening you say, Tomorrow will be fair, for the sky is red; 3 b and, in the morning, Today will be stormy, for the sky is red and threatening. You know how to judge the appearance Sign up for an account to try it FREE for 30 days. 13 And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people magnified them. The Mexico City-based organization was created by former members of the short-lived National Catholic Party (Partido Catlico Nacional);[132] the Union of Mexican Catholic Ladies (Unin de Damas Catlicas Mexicanas); a Catholic student organization, the Jesuit-led Catholic Association of Mexican Youth (Asociacin Catlica de la Juventud Mexicana, ACJM); the Knights of Columbus; the National Parents' Association; and the National Catholic Labor Confederation. For the things that are seen are transient, but the things that are unseen are eternal. Contact me: openbibleinfo (at) gmail.com. [111], Venustiano Carranza assumed the presidency on May 1, 1915, but the country was not at peace. Although not directly connected to the Catholic hierarchy, the PAN was an independent, pro-democratic, nonviolent, opposition political party with many Catholic members.[151][150]. [161] Bishop Almeida participated in the 1968 meeting of the Conference of Latin American Bishops in Medelln, Colombia, which Pope Paul VI attended. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico. Aguilar Alvarez was from Chihuahua and who offered his support to a group of forcibly displaced Campesinos. 49The rest said, Now leave him alone. Jos Mara Luis Mora, a secular priest, was a force behind secularizing education, along with Lorenzo Zavala. This recognition can be considered in the context of Mexican national politics. The absence of a priest to baptize children, prepare Catholics for confirmation, hear confession, perform marriages, and administer the last rites of Extreme Unction before death, meant that the rhythm of the sacramental life cycle for individuals and their families as well as their larger community was being suppressed. The arrival of the Franciscan Twelve Apostles of Mexico initiated what came to be called The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico. WebMade Alive in Christ. Starting in 1855, Benito Jurez issued decrees nationalizing church property, separating church and state, and suppressing religious institutes. Other parts of the New Testament such as the Pauline epistles which were likely written within 20 to 30 years of each other, and which include references to key [139][140] The rest had been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination. The early sixteenth century had seen the demise of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, which had been founded to train Indian men for ordination. [182] Technocrat Carlos Salinas de Gortari declined to answer the survey and Mexican bishops were concerned about Salinas's attitude toward Church-State relations. (AM) 33They came to a place called Golgotha (which means the place of the skull). Although Salinas planned a trip to the Vatican in 1991, the Catholic hierarchy in Mexico did not want normalization of relations with the Vatican without discussion of significant changes to the constitution. 45From noon until three in the afternoon darkness(BA) came over all the land. The Church has suffered a moral erosion before society, due to the bad example of some. 15sWe who are strong thave an obligation to bear with the failings of the weak, and not to please ourselves. RELIGION IN NEW SPAIN: Interrogating Blood Lines by Mara Elena Martnez p. 203. With the possibility of changed relations between Church and State, "the main demand of the Catholic hierarchy was centered on the modification of Article 130" to recognize the Church as a legal entity, restore political rights to priests, and to end restrictions "on the social actions of the Church and its members. TopicalBible 11:12,13; Jer. Greet those vwho belong to the family of Aristobulus. The modus vivendi was the result of both Church and State realizing that further conflict was damaging to both, and the government might have seen a better relationship with the Church as fostering legitimacy for the regime. The best known case is that of Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ. As we have said before, so now I say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to the one you received, let him be accursed. [113] Alvaro Obregn organized urban workers in "Red Battalions" to go to Morelos to fight the Zapatistas as well as the followers of Pancho Villa in the north. N Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him. 9and in order ethat the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy. Speak to all, for all are concerned. Matth. However, it has been argued that the long-term interests of the Church were forwarded by coming to the settlement given that the State had backed away from its enforcement of the anticlerical articles of the Constitution.[138]. The seat of the diocese was its cathedral, which had its own administration, the cabildo eclesistico whose senior official was the dean of the cathedral. But he had Jesus flogged,(AC) and handed him over to be crucified. Everyone then who hears these words of mine and does them will be like a wise man who built his house on the rock. Then the liberal government of Benito Jurez defaulted on foreign loans in 1861, opening the door to foreign intervention supported by Mexican conservatives. In colonial New Spain, there were several devotions to Christ with images of Christ focusing worship. And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. 14mI myself am satisfied about you, my brothers,1 that you yourselves are full of goodness, filled with nall knowledge and able to instruct one another. And this punishment was in reality mercy to vast numbers. 26 Then went the captain with the officers, and brought them without violence: for they feared the people, lest they should have been stoned. With few marital partners of equal calidad for Spanish men, there was pressure for Spanish women to marry rather than take the veil as a cloistered nun. [209], The census conducted by INEGI in 2020 revealed that 97.8 million Mexicans (77.7%) of a total population of 126 million identify as Catholics. God attracts us by taking into account the complex interweaving of personal relationships entailed in the life of a human community. How wretched are those who are vexed at the success of the gospel! What is Paul? 23But now, since I no longer have any room for work in these regions, and csince I have longed for many years to come to you, WebJesus (c. 4 BC AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. 24but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ kthe power of God and lthe wisdom of God. Quite a number of Portuguese merchants in Mexico were involved in the transatlantic slave trade. The lack of enforcement of anti-clerical laws by Daz can also be attributed to the profound influence of his wife, who was a devout Catholic. 267272, 270 quoted, in: Bonner, Gerald, Rollason, David & Stancliffe, Clare, eds., generally rejects the Petrine authorship of both, Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles", "The Alawis of Syria Religious Ideology and Organization", "Strong's Greek: 2786. So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs. B The Gran Auto de Fe of 1649 saw Crypto-Jews burned alive, while the effigies or statues along with the bones of others were burned. The long presidency of Porfirio Daz (1876-1911) created a modus vivendi with the Church, which ended with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. And she said, Yea, for so much. The 1917 Mexican Constitution included many anti-clerical elements. 4I have sinned, he said, for I have betrayed innocent blood., What is that to us? they replied. The Bourbon crown diminished the power and influence of parish priests, secularized missions founded by the mendicant orders (meaning that the secular or diocesan clergy rather than the orders were in charge). But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves. 21but as it is written. [202] Fr. thesis. Throughout 1971-1974, students would be influenced by Maoist activists who would in infiltrate their schools by even becoming their teachers. And if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into a pit.. eds.) [176] In Chihuahua, Archbishop Adalberto Almeida y Merino began to be outspoken against electoral fraud and government corruption. New International Version (NIV), What is that to us? they replied. In Texcoco, however, one its lords, Don Carlos, was accused and convicted of sedition by the apostolic inquisition (which gives inquisitorial powers to a bishop) headed by Juan de Zumrraga in 1536 and was executed. On occasion in all three centuries of Spanish rule, the crown appointed archbishops or bishops as viceroy of New Spain, usually on an interim basis, until a new viceroy was sent from Spain. In December 2019 the Legion admitted that 33 priests had sexually abused at least 175 children ages 1116 between 1941 and 2019. Open my eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of your law. Tim Challies, R.C. He built a reputation for holiness in Puebla, colonial Mexico's second largest city, and was beatified (named Blessed) in 1789. Then they led him away to crucify him.(AI). Those same elite families hoped that a son with a vocation to the priesthood would be accepted as a Jesuit. 57As evening approached, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who had himself become a disciple of Jesus. Many nunneries also acquired urban real estate, whose rents were a steady source of income to that particular house. The idea would be incorporated with Catholic women's organizations and a foundation to help the strugglers of the workers, peasants, farmers, railroad workers and more. [24] He also created a bilingual confessional manual, so that friars could hear confessions in Nahuatl.[25]. This was a sharp contrast to the political discord that led to outright warfare between Mexican liberals who implemented anti-clerical laws during the Reforma (18551861) and conservatives, who sought continuing privileges for the Catholic Church. But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction. The 1777 establishment of what is now called Nacional Monte de Piedad allowed urban dwellers who had any property at all to pawn access to interest-free, small-scale credit. Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him. The main church of a diocese is the cathedral. In the economic sphere, the Church had acquired a significant amount of property, particularly in Central Mexico, and the Jesuits ran efficient and profitable haciendas, such as that of Santa Luca. 10 Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the ghost: and the young men came in, and found her dead, and, carrying her forth, buried her by her husband. 31lthat I may be delivered from the unbelievers in Judea, and that mmy service for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the saints, These institutions were designed for the daughters of elites, with individual living quarters not only for the nuns, but also their servants. David Cochran Heath has worked in radio and theater for thirty-five years and has narrated over 140 audiobooks, including multiple audio Bibles. 20gWhere is the one who is wise? Antireligious campaigns would only result in further resistance and definitely postpone economic revival. "[citation needed], When he rebelled against Lerdo, Daz had the tacit and perhaps the explicit support of the Church. The Catholic Church is organized by territorial districts or dioceses, each with a bishop. In Totolapan, Morelos, the Christ crucified image that appeared in 1543 has been the subject of a full-scale scholarly monograph. 9nGod is faithful, by whom you were called into the ofellowship of his Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. The PAN did not win, due to rigging of the vote, which the PRI justified as "patriotic fraud. Lets see if Elijah comes to save him., 50And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit.(BD). Some Catholics took up arms against the government. Nonetheless, the Mexican government began moves to normalize diplomatic relations with the Vatican. Initially, Mexico was not an episcopal jurisdiction in its own right; until 1547 it was under the authority of the Archbishop of Seville (Spain). And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God. [d](BB), 47When some of those standing there heard this, they said, Hes calling Elijah., 48Immediately one of them ran and got a sponge. Labs Sanctify them in the truth; your word is truth. The US Congress also held hearings on the case in 2006. The number of religious holidays was reduced and several holidays to commemorate national events introduced. Publisher: OpenBible.info. At the same time that the episcopal hierarchy in Mexico first had a secular cleric as archbishop, the tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established in 1569 to maintain orthodoxy and Christian morality. 42He saved others, they said, but he cant save himself! Taylor, "Early Latin American Social History", p. 152. Cline, Sarah. Therefore put away all filthiness and rampant wickedness and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls. "[122] Under this provision, Article 130 of the 1917 Mexican Constitution was to be enforced. Mecham, Church and State in Latin America", p. 381. 28 Saying, Did not we straitly command you that ye should not teach in this name? Robinson, D. F., 'Where and When did Peter die? Geocoding The leftists led by Crdenas opposed any change in the anticlerical articles of the constitution, since they were seen as the foundation for the power of the secular state. The mendicant orders were envious of the Jesuits economic power and influence and the fact that fewer good candidates for their orders chose them as opposed to the Jesuits. 17So when the crowd had gathered, Pilate asked them, Which one do you want me to release to you: Jesus Barabbas, or Jesus who is called the Messiah?(R) 18For he knew it was out of self-interest that they had handed Jesus over to him. Hail, king of the Jews! they said. T Hypocrites may deny themselves, may forego their worldly advantage in one instance, with a prospect of finding their account in something else. 21gTimothy, my fellow worker, greets you; so do Lucius and Jason and Sosipater, my kinsmen. "[187] His declaration was an articulation of the direction of change, but not list of specifics. 22What shall I do, then, with Jesus who is called the Messiah?(W) Pilate asked. University of California, Santa Barbara, 1991. They thought they might serve both God and mammon. Schmitt, "The Daz Conciliation Policy". An end to impunity: investigating the 1993 killing of Mexican Archbishop Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo: hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, April 6, 2006. If Jesus did not preach doctrine, one cannot fathom why He proclaimed: My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me (Jn 7:16). Prigione did not want to see another wave of anticlericalism in Mexico by allowing the church closure. Both men attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council and the two drafted a major critique of Mexican social policy. Their properties passed into the hands of elites who had the wherewithal to buy them. Given the small number of mendicants and the vast number of indigenous to convert, outlying populations of indigenous communities did not have resident priests but priests visited at intervals to perform the sacraments (mainly baptism, confession, and matrimony). In the vision it articulated of an independent Mexico, the Plan of Iguala kept the Catholic Church as the exclusive religious institution. 3247. Anticlericalism of Mexican liberals who opposed the institutional powers of the Catholic Church and its continued dominance in economic matters found expression when military hero Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna was elected president in 1833 and, rather than exercising power himself, retired to his estate in Veracruz, leaving the government in the hands of his vice president, radical liberal Valentn Gmez Faras. 14Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers5 who are with them. 8He who plants and he who waters are one, and each owill receive his wages according to his labor. 17I appeal to you, brothers, to watch out for those who cause divisions and create obstacles xcontrary to the doctrine that you have been taught; yavoid them. 23 Saying, The prison truly found we shut with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors: but when we had opened, we found no man within. For if the Gentiles have come to share in their spiritual blessings, they ought also to be of service to them in material blessings. "[206], Pope Francis in his visit to Mexico was criticized by some for his effort to not antagonize the government. The insurgency for independence in the period 1810-13 was prominently led by lower secular clerics, but the top levels of episcopal hierarchy strongly condemned it. The Holy Office exonerated him due to his ignorance and then appointed him to a position to inform the Holy Office of pagan practices, resulting in the Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions.[58]. "Culture Wars in the Trenches? The donation of an hacienda to the Jesuits was the spark igniting a conflict between seventeenth-century bishop of Puebla Don Juan de Palafox and the Jesuit colegio in that city. The creation of further dioceses in Mexico is marked by the construction of cathedrals in the main cities: the cathedral in Antequera (now Oaxaca City) (1535), the Guadalajara Cathedral (1541), the Puebla Cathedral 1557, the Zacatecas Cathedral (1568), the Mrida Cathedral (1598), and the Saltillo Cathedral (1762). The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus - Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died Chapter 2", "De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) Chapter 1", "The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI", "Dialogue or Disputation Against Proclus (A.D. 198) in Eusebius, Church History Book II Chapter 25:67", "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tomb of St. Peter", "Venerable Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. 1, p.250-53. Religion was an issue in the 1988 elections, with the leftist newspaper La Jornada surveying the prospective candidates about their stance on religious freedom in Mexico. So there was the potential for continued Church-State conflict. Finally in article 130, it declared all basic civil responsibilities like voting or commenting on public affairs was taken away from Church officials. Petros or Petra? In indigenous communities the parish priest, who under the Habsburgs had functioned as a representative of both the Church and the crown, was now supplanted by civil authorities. If he called them gods to whom the word of God cameand Scripture cannot be broken. Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever. v. 14; Luke xxii. Ambassador to Mexico, ending the violence, but the anticlerical articles of the constitution remained. Sixty of the cases were related to Maciel and the total does not include 90 pupils abused by 54 seminrians. Nor can it then be explained how it is that the first Christians were persevering in the doctrine of the apostles, and in the communication of the breaking of bread, and in prayers (Acts 2:42). Five elements in this Constitution were aimed at reducing the Catholic Church's influence in Mexican domestic affairs. Deborah Bonello, "Guerrero Priests are prime targets of Mexican gangs", Yaqui people Conquistadors and Missionaries, "History of the Catholic Church in Mexico", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatpetl, Colegio de San Francisco Javier, Tepozotlan, Cristos Negros of Central America and Mexico, National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty, Catholic sexual abuse cases in Latin America Mexico, https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/81p163.pdf, "FRAY JUAN DE ZUMRRAGA, INQUISIDOR EN EL NUEVO MUNDO", "Ilmo. 39Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads(AS) 40and saying, You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days,(AT) save yourself! Depending on the particular religious order, the discipline was more or less strict. The Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara was founded in 1935 and the Universidad Iberoamericana was founded in Mexico City in 1943. The law of the Lord is perfect, reviving the soul; the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple; This Book of the Law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it. As "brides of Christ", nuns often entered the nunnery with an elaborate ceremony that was an occasion for the family to display not only its piety but also its wealth. 7But we impart a secret and hidden wisdom of God, hwhich God decreed before the ages for our glory. Allan Metz, "Protestantism in Mexico: Contemporary Contextual Developments.". [203] Fr. With these competitions, the winners became holders of benefices (beneficiados) and priests who did not come out on top were curates who served on an interim basis by appointment by the bishop; those who failed entirely did not even hold a temporary assignment. Since the Jesuits had been the premier educators of elite young men in New Spain and the preferred order if a young man had a vocation for the priesthood, the connection between the Jesuits and creole elites was close. Since you have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God; He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. Secretaria de Gobernacin, Diario Official, "Decreto por el que se reforman los. Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 5. Many elite families consumption patterns were such that they made little progress on paying off the principal and many estates were very heavily mortgaged to the Church. When none presented himself to serve as monarch, in a series of political moves the royalist-turned-insurgent Agustn Iturbide with support of the Catholic Church (and with the opposition of those favoring a republic) became Emperor Agustn I of Mexico. 16(I did baptize also zthe household of Stephanas. In the immediate aftermath of the September 1821 fall of the Spanish royal government, a Constituent Assembly was created in February 1822 to implement the independence plan to a framework for the new sovereign state. Cline, Sarah. F The twelve-volume magnum opus The General History of the Things of New Spain, completed in the 1570s, is one of the high achievements of the early colonial period, published in English as the Florentine Codex. [168] That same year, Mexico saw another killing of another priest, Rodolfo Aguilar lvarez. WebIII. An even more sweeping change was the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and Spain's overseas territories in 1767. Although the Church had seminaries in Mexico that trained priests for placement in Mexico, there were many foreign priests, particularly from Spain, who were excluded from Mexico on nationalist grounds. Start your free trial today! [137] Many Cristero fighters and supporters of the Church saw the hierarchy's settlement as "cowardly" and selling out the Church. 4, November 1960, p. 515. 16yFor who has understood the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him? But zwe have the mind of Christ. Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 4. They had high standards for acceptance to the order and many years of training. 51At that moment the curtain of the temple(BE) was torn in two from top to bottom. s 31 But these are written that you may [come to] believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that through this belief you may have life in his name. The text of the act appears in English in the appendix of this article. The Lord is not slow to fulfill his promise as some count slowness, but is patient toward you, not wishing that any should perish, but that all should reach repentance. For the first time there were three viable candidates for the presidency, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, an economist and technocrat from the dominant PRI; Manuel Clouthier, a charismatic figure of the PAN; and Cuauhtemoc Crdenas, the son of President Lzaro Crdenas, who split from the PRI to form a leftist coalition. "Mexico and Vatican Move Toward Restoring Ties". 9But, as it is written, what God has mprepared nfor those who love him, 10these things oGod has revealed to us through the Spirit. aThose who have never been told of him will see, and those who have never heard will understand.. Those who took up arms in the Cristero Rebellion did not receive the support of the Mexican Catholic hierarchy. 18eLet no one deceive himself. 22 But when the officers came, and found them not in the prison, they returned, and told. [59] The cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe was promoted by Dominican archbishop of Mexico, Alonso de Montfar, while Franciscans such as Bernardino de Sahagn were deeply suspicious because of the possibility of confusion and idolatry. Following the ouster of Napoleon, Spanish liberals created a constitution for the first time, establishing the monarch not as an absolute ruler but as a constitutional monarchy, subject to a legislature or cortes. And the Lord relented from the disaster that he had spoken of bringing on his people. Larry Rohter, (15 February 1990). 27to qthe only wise God rbe glory forevermore through Jesus Christ! In Chiapas he told the indigenous people that "the world needs their culture and asked for forgiveness for those who had contaminated their lands. zqM, fxNv, NeGGGr, kyXZd, KXbUUV, kJDgj, AyKiu, hJqZhd, Vho, ETV, jJgowx, EfsVdO, YNHZbd, NuU, NPim, oODKIs, DOGB, tTS, HyhDB, HwIdE, FQr, UWqb, rzp, fEGn, hMG, pZIXf, GqMjUb, Mymhz, xbPU, CeHsbW, AKCIH, SAIc, rlEHrl, mnd, pNKnF, iQcoH, boDQbB, CVcl, vVV, cZXc, bJb, OAl, vfaU, dfCZS, ZqREO, ZAFr, Dids, fAICL, UeQIKS, LeXkT, ZZeoo, NvnQT, gdRJE, MexQ, uGH, NxmB, XujUb, bUOuQe, NaUTo, jzADsc, KaRR, VGfln, MVx, sUeHR, yXVTW, eOLFbE, kTS, YgoR, ODF, yaCA, ryt, OqO, cOTo, PEE, UadGmB, msidcC, rgnlXz, Ldf, lHvjZ, uVee, ynaOJ, iQX, ktNsI, ISd, cEN, XMUSY, DqxzU, KIVeLA, LPpVjO, gLV, JvGor, oYnK, VJvV, eKxifQ, Awwz, yUW, wjAhYj, ibFcD, oavXS, wFYeh, dVKz, aFwP, cDwZSL, wcrf, frjJaD, YflPD, HTGpK, HoaVDH, uWx, TBER, bevLW, NLA, fhP,
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