Respond to the child's developing understanding of symbolic thought with pre-reading activities. Read our, The Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development, History of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, The Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development, The Concrete Operational Stage in Cognitive Development, The Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development, Understanding Accommodation in Psychology, Adaptation in Piaget's Theory of Development, How the Theory of Mind Helps Us Understand Others, Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Evaluation of the relevance of Piaget's cognitive principles among parented and orphan children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A comparative study, Cognitive development in school-age children: Conclusions and new directions, The effect of cognitive processing therapy on cognitions: impact statement coding, Know the world through movements and sensations, Learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening, Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen (, Realize that they are separate beings from the people and objects around them, Realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them, Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects, Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others, Getting better with language and thinking, but still tend to think in very concrete terms, Begin to think logically about concrete events, Begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example, Thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete, Begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle, Begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems, Begins to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning, Begins to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. Babies use sensory and motor experiences in this stage to build a knowledge base. Intelligence is both egocentric and intuitive. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget took the intellectual functioning of adults as the central phenomenon to be explained and wanted to know how an adult acquired the ability to think logically and to draw valid conclusions about the world from evidence. His observations centred around children and how they developed from birth to adulthood. Background and Key Concepts of Piaget's Theory. Piaget`s cognitive development theory :an implication to education september 2014 educational psychology authors: Jean piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. Knowledge of the world is limited (but developing) because its based on physical interactions / experiences. Introduce letters and numbers. These cognitive skills form the baseline for reading with comprehension to develop. Piaget developed his theory of (cognitive development) through a close study of children. Preoperational. Book Title: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development Chapter Title: "Piaget's Theory" Access Date: April 10, 2018 Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc. City: Thousand Oaks,. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. His early exposure to the intellectual development of children came when he worked as an assistant to Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon as they worked to standardize their famous IQ test. By learning that objects are separate and distinct entities and that they have an existence of their own outside of individual perception, children are then able to begin to attach names and words to objects. They believe in Santa Claus and the "tooth fairy". Teachers, of course, can guide them by providing appropriate materials, but the essential thing is that in order for a child to understand something, he must construct it himself, he must re-invent it. Instead, there are both qualitative and quantitative differences between the thinking of young children versus older children. Instead, Piaget suggested that there is aqualitativechange in how children think as they gradually process through these four stages. The first was a sensory motor stage, which occurred in the first two years of life. Older children do not just think more quickly than younger children. Piaget's constructivist account of learning sees the learner as actively making sense of the world by reflecting on the consequences of the learner's own thoughts and actions on the physical and social environment. Equilibration helps explain how children can move from one stage of thought to the next. The current paper analyses each theory and argues that there . These experiences give them ways to develop schemas that are created in the mind. Introduction piaget s theory of cognitive development included four stages.piaget believed that people. Consider that logical and abstract thought are the characteristic developmental tasks at this stage. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Multiple readings teaches babies to recognize the speech patterns needed to understand text and facilitates the sensorimotor stage task of learning to prolong enjoyable things. The Theory of Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget, the Swiss psychologist, suggests that children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow. Even more, Piaget launched important thing, which is Theory of Development. Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained. Piaget's theory of cognitive development gives meaning to intelligence, knowledge and the relationship between students and the surrounding environment, according to Alon and Daeli (2021). Teaching reading can be accomplished by using the first three of the four cognitive stages that psychologist/biologist Jean Piaget developed. A Topical Approach to Lifespan Development (8th ed.). The ability to systematically plan for the future and reason about hypothetical situations are also critical abilities that emerge during this stage. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Major characteristics and developmental changes during this time: The ability to thinking about abstract ideas and situations is the key hallmark of the formal operational stage of cognitive development. Jean Piaget Historical Background Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was born in Neuchtel, Switzerland. Children usually go through this stage between the age of two to seven years old. Needs become motives once they become directed at a specific object. f Key concepts of Piaget's theory Schemas - A schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Biology and Knowledge: An Essay on the Relations between Organic Regulations and Cognitive Processes (Phoenix Books P508) by. Because the flat shapelookslarger, the preoperational child will likely choose that piece, even though the two pieces are exactly the same size. According to Piaget, children's language development at this stage reveals the movement of their thinking from immature to mature and from illogical to logical. Within the past five to six years the researchers in reading have begun to look into the relationships between reading and . In Vygotsky's system, children's cognitive development is affected by culture in two ways. According to Piaget: Development is understood as an increase in the complexity, mobility and systemisation of cognitive structures. Read the baby's favorite books multiple times. Their motor information is how they move and handle objects in space. Fancher RE, Rutherford A. Fundamentally, how a principle, philosophy, or theory could be applied for practical use within the context of the reader's life is deemed essential in . Piaget's four stages According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, intelligence is the basic mechanism of ensuring equilibrium in the relations between the person and the environment. This interest is an instrument with which they can understand and interact with the student. Piaget argued that cognitive development occurred in four distinct stages. 2 to 7 years old. At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. Jean piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. "I believe that knowing an object means acting upon it, constructing systems of transformations that can be carried out on or with this object. is dealt with Piaget's construct of equilibration, its role in cognitive development and its implication for two language receptive skills namely, listening and reading. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. Piaget also broke this stage down into substages. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. Children not only learn how to perform physical actions such as crawling and walking; they also learn a great deal about language from the people with whom they interact. Reenactments are especially helpful for students struggling with the change in perspective required to understand complex characterizations in literature. A child at this stage is beginning to generally understand past and future, but needs frequent repetitions of familiar stories to grasp sequences. Hugar SM, Kukreja P, Assudani HG, Gokhale N. Evaluation of the relevance of Piaget's cognitive principles among parented and orphan children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A comparative study. Piaget's theories about the psychology of learning are based around mental development, language, play, and comprehension. Jean Piaget created highly influential theories on the stages of mental development among children, becoming a leading figure in the fields of cognitive theory and developmental psychology. Malik F. Cognitive development. But in defense of Piaget, Eliot Turiel (2006, p. 807) noted that "In considering Piaget's ideas, Gilligan imposes certainty where Wife: Married to Valentine . Pertaining to emergent literacy progressions, Frith's theory of reading acquisition presents stages of development as young readers acquire an awareness of alphabetic systems (Frith, 1985). Piaget identified four stages in cognitive development: f1. Sensorimotor stage (Infancy). Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. View Piaget Reading Section.pdf from PSYCH DEVELOPMEN at North Kansas City High. School Science Review, 98(363) 115-122. Piaget's theory Jean Piaget, a French theorist in the 1900s, formed a theory of childhood cognitive development which was based upon how a child creates a mental model of the world around them. Piaget called these systems of knowledge schemata. Piaget and Vygotsky studied the same phenomena, but they used different theories to explain them (Obukhova, 2016). Vygotsky takes a different approach to Piaget's idea that development precedes learning.. Early representational thought emerges during the final part of the sensorimotor stage. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Piaget's theory of cognitive development helped add to our understanding of children's intellectual growth. Use discussions to explore the Piagetian tasks of learning to understand abstract concepts through literature. When he was around the age of 10, he Existing manipulative materials include: He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Jean Piaget, Beatrix Walsh (Translator) 4.13 avg rating 15 ratings published 1971 4 editions. 2. Symbolic thought. Piaget also neglected cultural and social interaction factors in the development of children's cognition and thinking ability. As children begin to realize that words are symbols for ideas, point out environmental words such as "stop" and connect it with the action. eds. Applying Piaget's Theory to Reading Instruction. Piaget's cognitive developmental theory examines a child's developmental stage and how they acquire and categorize information internally (Piaget, 1962). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Kids in the concrete operational stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions. Piaget Theory - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. His particular insight was the role of maturation (simply growing up) in children's increasing capacity to Considered one of the most prominent and prolific constructivists, Jean Piaget developed the theory of cognitive development around the premise that thoughts, memory, past experience, problem solving and processing information all influence the learner (Doolittle and Hicks, 2012). (2016). Reading Study Group (2002) defined reading comprehension as "the process of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning" (p. 11). Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Cognition is a process where different aspects of the mind are working together that lead to knowledge. "I find myself opposed to the view of knowledge as a passive copy of reality," Piaget wrote. During this earliest stage of cognitive development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. It is argued that the way the theories have typically been interpreted in relation to reading is unhelpful and does not accord with the behaviour of young readers. StatPearls Publishing. These observations reinforced his budding hypothesis that children's minds were not merely smaller versions of adult minds. Pioneers of Psychology: A History. Reinforce the development of beginning logical thought. The process is somewhat subjective because we tend to modify experiences andinformation slightly to fit in with our preexisting beliefs. One of the main points of Piaget's theory is that creating knowledge and intelligence is an inherentlyactiveprocess. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. This teaches the words associated with the pictures. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information. Thinking still tends to be very concrete but children become much more. Adults convey to children the way their culture interprets and responds to . Children usually go through this stage between the age of two to seven years old. In this article, I try to discuss and investigate this construct from educational perspective in order to associate it with listening and reading comprehension. characterized by the development of logical thought. Piaget 's theory of cognitive development is a broad theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. Point out interesting details in books you are reading. (b) discussing with many of the parents. McGraw-Hill. Piaget proposed four cognitive developmental stages for children, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and the formal operational stage. His father was a professor of medieval literature at the University of Neuchtel [1]. These students will sometimes have difficulty with comprehension despite strong decoding skills because they have not yet mastered the ability to change perspective. These two theories were created at the same time, and that is why they are often compared. Piaget studied about how children develop ability to think logically and scientifically. Third stage of Piaget, he elaborated the four major stages of development First two years make up the sensory motor period, during which a child is primarily concerned with creating a world of permanent objects. While children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic. The egocentrism of the previous stage begins to disappear as kids become better at thinking about how other people might view a situation. Pre-reading tasks include the ideas that capital and lowercase letters serve the same phonetic function, and different fonts do not imply different meanings. Just about acquiring knowledge, the child has. Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development Biography, Early Life and History of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was a Swiss Biologist who later turned into a cognitive and child psychologist.He is well known for providing a stage theory of cognitive development for explaining the development of thinking in human beings from infancy to adulthood. For children, the knowledge development of a mental representation during learning to perform a task was studied by Piaget with his theory of cognitive development (Lefa, 2014) who assumes that. Piaget proposed four cognitive developmental stages for children, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and the formal operational stage. (1978) theory is doing something that is motivated by a biological and a culturally constructed need. 2017;10(4):346-350. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1463. Piaget's Theory 1 JEAN PIAGET 2 The following theory of development, which is particularly concerned with the development of cognitive functions, is im- possible to understand if one does not begin by analyzing in detail the biological presup- positions from which it stems and the epis- temological consequences in which it ends. Continue to read often and be willing to read favorite stories multiple times. Reading requires both the understanding of symbolic thought to translate sounds into letters, and abstract thought to translate words into ideas. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Prepared by : Ayushi Gupta. At any moment in development, the environment is assimilated in the While this is an important stage in and of itself, it. According to Vygotsky, adults in society foster children's cognitive development by engaging them in challenging and meaningful activities. 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Piaget's theory rests on the fundamental notion that the child develops through stages until arriving at a stage of thinking that resembles that . During infancy, it is an interaction between their experiences and their reflexes or behavior-patterns. Created date 4/1/2013 2:34:19 pm Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. That is why the first task of the educator is to generate interest. Vygotsky's theory focuses on the role of culture in the development of mental abilities e.g. Although Piaget's theories have. Piaget advocates learning as construction, whereas Vygotsky believed in the "activity theory perspective that sees learning as appropriation" (Dahl, 1996, p. 2). 9/8/2019 Page printer Children think differently than adults. They logical and sophisticated in their thinking during this stage of development. The cognitive development that occursduring this period takes place over a relatively short time and involves a great deal of growth. Development of language, memory, and imagination. Piaget felt that development is largely fueled from within, while Vygotsky believed that external factors (such as culture) and people (such as parents, caregivers, and peers) play a more significant role. f -Piaget conceptualizes moral development as a constructivist speech and reasoning in children. Piaget was born in Switzerland in the late 1800s and was a precocious student, publishing his first scientific paper when he was just 11 years old. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence.It was originated by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Jean Piaget collected data to develop his theory of cognitive development by : (a) doing literature review on cognitive development. Piagets theory of cognitive development one of the first characteristics to keep in mind when working with children is the stage of cognitive development they are in. Education: Received Ph.D. from University of Neuchatel in 1918. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky developed their theories of cognitive development. 2, 623-618) Edition: first Chapter: Piaget, Jean Publisher: SAGE. Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. While working in Binet's IQ test lab in Paris, Piaget became interested in how children think. Copyright 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Education Resources Information Center: Center for Early Development and Education; Applying Piaget's Theory to Reading; Anna Heatherly; 1974, Iowa State University Extension: Understanding Children: Learning to Read and Write; Lesia Oesterreich; 2003, Shippensburg University: Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development; Dr. C. George Boeree; 2003. Piaget believed that developingobject permanenceor object constancy, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, was an important element at this point of development. More . His background was in natural sciences and so he started with an emphasis. However, most of the research has been in such areas as math and science. This is achieved through the actions of the developing person on the world. A child's entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses. Piaget's theory has some shortcomings . Piaget. Piaget's theory divides this period into two parts: the "period of concrete operations" (7 to 11 years) and the "period of formal operations" (11 years to adulthood). Piaget's theory refers to qualitative periods or stages of . Piaget's study had a great impact on the . National Academies Press. The reason for this is because Piaget believed that every child goes through the stages of learning and that no child can skip a stage. That is, kids do not just add more information and knowledge to their existing knowledge as they get older. Heatherly, Anna L. This paper discusses beginning reading instruction in the light of Piaget's theory, which demands that we think more broadly about the term "where the child is" in terms of his level of thinking, not simply his reading level or reading skill level. Jean piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the : Pdf | on dec 1, 2002, kakali bhattacharya and others published piaget and cognitive development | find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgatejean. Try dramatic reenactments to emphasize both emerging empathy skills and reading comprehension. "Piaget's work on children's intellectual development owed much to his early studies of water snails" (Satterly, 1987:622) His view of how children's minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory. If the child's sole experience has been with small dogs, a child might believe that all dogs are small, furry, and have four legs. As a child, Piaget developed an interest in animals and nature. General Concept of schema theory, one of the cognitivist learning theories, was firstly introduced in 1932 through the work of British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett 1) (some suggest it was first introduced in 1926 by Jean Piaget 2)) and was further developed mostly in 1970s by American educational psychologist Richard Anderson 3). Jean Piaget, The Psychology of Intelligence 21 likes Like "Children should be able to do their own experimenting and their own research. Gruber HE, Voneche JJ. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. While some theories would say that learning and intelligence are a settled trait, Piaget discovered that it was something influenced by outside sources. At this point, adolescents and young adults become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them. Next in Stages of Cognitive Development Guide, Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. He believed that they do not merely absorb ideas that are presented to them in a rote manner. Optimal learning in schools - theoretical evidence: Part 1 Piaget's theoretical background. Piaget proposed that intelligence grows and develops through a series of stages. This is information about the way things feel, taste, smell and look. W.W. Norton. Although it is commonly known as a developmental stage theory, it also engages with the nature of knowledge itself and how individuals get to acquire, construct, and use the knowledge obtained. Operational Period. During the pre-operational stage from about the age of two to about 7 the child reconstructs the world at the symbolic level. The ability to change perspectives is necessary for good reading comprehension because it enables readers to understand both characters and plot lines . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Build on the phonetic skills established during the preoperational stage to teach independent reading. think more abstractly and hypothetically. Piaget Theory Advantages And Disadvantages. 2009;22(3):205-11. doi:10.1002/jts.20408. Introduce story sequences and basic book organization. He believed that learners need to construct their knowledge through experiences. Here four main topics are reviewed, namely (i) the nature of reading, (ii) schema theory, (iii) reading Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. Constructivism focuses on the study of the processes children use to create and expand upon their idea. than with those of Piaget in cognitive development. For example, a child may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a dog. Basically this is the staircase model of development mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. Encourage your student to use his emerging sequencing skills to predict what happens after the story is over. Jean Piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the : 2. J Trauma Stress. Piaget's stages are: Piaget believed that children take anactive role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. Piaget was one of the first to identify that the way that children think is different from the way adults think. Ask open-ended questions about stories. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Running head: JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget and the Constructivism Theory 1 JEAN PIAGET 2 Jean Piaget and the Basic Books. Santrock JW. 1 Piaget's stages are: Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7 Knowing reality means constructing systems of transformations that correspond, more or less adequately, to reality.". 7 to 11 years old. This created an extensive study that has been used for decades. (c) observing his own children. Read online free Piaget S Theory ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Sobel AA, Resick PA, Rabalais AE. Although Piaget's theories have had a great impact on developmental psychology, his notions have not been fully accepted without critique. Much of Piaget's interest in the cognitive development of children was inspired by his observations of his own nephew and daughter. Then, what is learned is as much a consequence of the learner's current understanding of the world, as it is of what the . Because of that, he argues that learning varies across cultures rather than being a universal process driven by the kind of structures . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Alternative ways of linking Piagetian theory to the teaching of reading are proposed. He made extensive use of note-taking in order to make comparisons and the analysis of all his observations. The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage, but the emergence of language is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development. In: Development During Middle Childhood: The Years From Six to Twelve. Children become much more skilled at pretend play during this stage of development, yet they continue to think very concretely about the world around them. Just about acquiring knowledge, the child has. She contributes to eHow in the areas of parenting, child development, language and social skill development and the importance of play. Piaget believed that children actually invented their own ideas. Jean piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the : Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development that corresponds to his hope for. She holds a Master of Science in speech, language pathology from California State University, Northridge and a Bachelor of Arts in anthropology from California State University, Northridge. Another part of adaptation is the ability to change existing schemas in light of new information; this process is known as accommodation. Piaget's theory has some shortcomings, including overestimating the ability of adolescence and underestimating infant's capacity. Piaget's theory of cognitive development. By Kendra Cherry Piaget is recognized as one of the most influential cognitive theorists in. Piaget's theory of conservation has received much attention recently from such authorities as Elkind (1969) and Sigel, Roeper, and Hooper (1968). Piaget S Theory. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) : History Born: August 9, 1896, Switzerland Died: September 16,1980 (Age 84) Parents: Eldest son of Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. Piaget views the growth of the child's "structures of knowing" as In: StatPearls [Internet]. It also stressed that children were not merely passive recipients of knowledge. Constructivism is a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1] that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on stages that children go through as they grow that lead them to actively learn new information. Now that the backgrounds of Piaget and Vygotsky have been examined, a comparison of their theories can be made. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape. Piaget's stage theory describes thecognitive development of children. The fourth stage, formal operations, begins around age 12 and is concerned with adult-style abstract thought beyond that which is needed to learn to read. Vygotsky acknowledged the roles that curiosity and active involvement play in learning, but placed greater emphasis on society and culture. Instead, he reckons that social learning is an integral part of cognitive development and it is culture, not developmental Stage that underlies cognitive development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. In this stage, babies learn through . The Essential Piaget. Piaget is recognized as one of the most influential cognitive theorists in. Download Piaget S Theory full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. They also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy. He was the first-born son of Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. At age 7, children don't just have more information about the world than they did at age 2; there is a fundamental change inhowthey think about the world. Stages of cognitive development piaget has identified four primary stages of development: Piagets theory of cognitive development one of the first characteristics to keep in mind when working with children is the stage of cognitive development they are in. Suppose then that the child encounters an enormous dog. Egocentric perspective is characteristic of the preoperational stage. Piaget's theory differs in important ways from those of Lev Vygotsky, another influential figure in the field of child development. In Piaget 's classroom the teacher will not be as actively involved in the learning process of the children. Keywords: models of reading, schema theory, comprehension, background knowledge This article is a review of reading theories and reading comprehension discussed in a wide range of books, journals, articles, and the like. 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