0000137982 00000 n 0000062949 00000 n PDF download and online access $49.00 Details Check out Abstract Starch is a naturally occurring polymer that is present in many green plants. 0000015275 00000 n )b l8wzLXFGG1`1:"`T``` Q,[@@Z>E/7;LaO2[30W3;2{1ex\,xnzqSb[n_dHa qa`-r?0 f Sodium starch glycolate is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database. Download Free PDF View PDF. The preclusion of the application of starch in its native form in the pharmaceutical industry is based on certain setbacks that have necessitated the need to modify starches to achieve the objective of the formulation scientist in ensuring the production of standard tablets, thereby circumventing the limitations inherent in the use of native starch as pharmaceutical ingredients. The reducing end of the macromolecular chain of starch has been suggested to be the point where starch degradation progresses from; hence, the reducing-terminal glucose units, even in branched structures, are split off, indicating that, not only amylose but also amylopectin is alkali labile [6]. A range of pharmaceutical uses of starch information are available on echemi.com. Matsunaga and Seib reported the liberation of the proteins and lipids present in wheat starch when exposed to 0.4%w/w dilute aqueous alkali solution at 25C. 0000048477 00000 n 2012) and tablet coating (Joshi et al. and Odoh, U.E. Other than this, starch is a major excipient used in the pharmaceutical industry. Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials. This also serves to ensure a uniform distribution and controllable release of the APIs. Generally, the biodegradable nature of starch due to its macroscopic granular structure and presence of several functional groups makes it easily susceptible to modification. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Disintegrants enable tablets and capsules to break down into smaller fragments (dissolve . 0000059819 00000 n Edited by Questions or comments? Moreover, the presence and location of hydroxyl groups at C2, C3 and C6 increases this susceptibility to substitution reactions [8]. 0000009191 00000 n Excipients play a great role in ensuring that the dosage form meets the required specifications of quality by modifying the release, absorption, distribution and elimination profiles of the drug. Page 10 The type of oxidant used, the botanical origin of starch, and the process conditions are all determinants of how effective the oxidation is. 0000003641 00000 n Enhancement of the thermoplasticity of starch is achieved by chemical modification of starch, thus causing a disorientation of the hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the native starch, and disruption of the crystalline nature. Canadian Paediatric Society (2004). Starches can be chemically modified following different pathways: Liquid pathway: here, the chemical modification is carried out in a water medium. Read Articles related to pharmaceutical uses of starch. Depending on the application, maize starch acts as a diluent, disintegrating agent or binder. This chapter will discuss the different chemical modifications of starch and give documented examples of starches that have been modified and used as excipients in pharmaceutical dosage forms. 0000037250 00000 n WHO South-East Asia Region Country Offices, 7 Common Mistakes to Avoid When Borrowing Money for Your Business, Why You Should Give Your Product a Perfect Finish, Ways to Create More And More Consistent Performers, 6 Striking Things Every Cancer Patient Had In Common, How to Manage the Symptoms of Hypertension Naturally, National Agency for Food & Drugs Admin & Control, Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Industrial Pharmacy. The starch oxidized by sodium hypochlorite is characterized by higher resistance to amylase activity and better stability at higher temperature and is capable of complexing calcium ions while exhibiting the polyelectrolyte properties [8]. 0000076929 00000 n 0000002956 00000 n The antiadherent properties of starch prevent the sticking of compressed powders/granules to punch faces and the die wall or in the case of encapsulation, prevents sticking to the powder mix to the dosators and tamping pins of encapsulates. On a micro scale, starches can be acetylated without the presence of a catalyst. The starch is formulated as a suspension (with water as the vehicle) and the chemical modification is carried out until the desired property of the starch is achieved. Get a Sample PDF of report -https . This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. 0000037638 00000 n (1989). 89.46.66.37 0000102225 00000 n Starch is a mix of amylose (a. A novel artificial red blood cell substitute: grafted starch-encapsulated hemoglobin. It reduces inter-particulate friction when used at concentrations of 210% w/w to improve powder and granule flow, especially when using dried starches. Starch: Perspectives and opportunities. Starch becomes an integral part of a formula during manufacture when added in the range of 580% w/w to achieve standardized triturates of colourants, potent drugs/ low dose Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and herbal extracts thus facilitating effective handling and subsequent mixing/ blending processes during manufacture. documented the potential of natural sensitive starch acetate as an excipient in the retinal delivery of calcein; the in-vivo studies revealed that starch acetate nanoparticles, when compared with native starch, were taken up faster by reticuloendothelial cells without significant toxicity [16]. Carboxymethylated starches have been documented to show low gelatinization temperature and swelling properties and, solubility in cold water than most interesting native starches [27]. As it is an active pharmaceutical ingredient, its small quantity or concentration can determine drug's formulation. Home > When heat is applied and the gelatinization temperature is exceeded, the crystalline region of the starch becomes irreversibly disoriented, eventually leading to lattice disruption. They belong to the Carbohydrates family. However, it is not all parts of starch that undergoes degradation when exposed to alkali conditions. VOLUME 4(6) November - December 2013. Ideally, pharmaceutical excipients are expected to be non-toxic, physically and chemically stable, commercially available, pleasant organoleptic properties and economically feasible [1]. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Treatment of diarrheal disease. Its nontoxic and nonirritant properties as well as low costs, ease of modification and versatility in uses have. The powder beds containing 20% and 50% starch do not disintegrate within 2 hours. Although the exact mechanism of gel formation is not clear, significant progress has been made in this direction. 0000026920 00000 n Starch appears to be useful adjuncts to standard ORS in the treatment of cholera/ diarrhoea in children. The most common approaches to chemical modification of starches for pharmaceutical use include oxidation, esterification and etherification, which are employed to optimize the structural and nutritional properties for targeted applications. 0000014468 00000 n 0000075729 00000 n Read Also: Preformulation Studies: Drug-Excipient Compatibility Studiespharmaceutical applications of native starch. 0000005307 00000 n 0000070767 00000 n salad dressing manufacturers. Starch is an important food product and a versatile biomaterial used worldwide for different purposes in many industrial sectors including foods, health, textile, chemical and engineering. The film-forming property of starch can be attributed to the amylose component of starch. Onyishi I. V., Chime S. A. and Ugwu J. C. (2013). Starch is a polysaccharide produced by plants (e.g., cereals, potatoes, fruits, and others) and used to store the chemical energy produced during photosynthesis. The demand from the food & beverages and pharmaceutical sectors for packing products The growth of the healthcare industry has boosted the anti-static films market to a high degree Competitive . 0000008903 00000 n 0000008254 00000 n The versatility of starch in industrial applications is clearly defined by its physicochemical properties; therefore a thorough evaluation of the necessary parameter is important in elucidating its industrial use. 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 5; 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5; 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5; 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4; 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 3; 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3 Starch is the most commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry and this wide application is premised on its availability, low cost, high caloric value, inherent excellent physicochemical properties and the ease of its modification to other derivatives. Starch is a naturally occurring polymer that is present in many green plants. 0000004695 00000 n It occurs naturally in germinating seeds, and can also be obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis of Starch. Xu R., Zhang J., Zhou P., Yang R., Feng X. and Xu L. (2015). used phosphorylated potatoe starch prepared by the reaction of the native starch with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate anhydrous at elevated temperatures as a carrier in solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution rate of aceclofenac; better results were achieved from the formulations containing the phosphorylated starches [24]. (Mason, 2009). The morphology and physicochemical characteristics of starch are typical of its biological origin; hence starch from each plant source will vary somewhat in appearance, composition and properties [2]. Solid pathway: dry native starch is modified using the liquid form of the derivatization chemical as the medium, usually at a high temperature (1000C). Download Free PDF. Etherification of macrogranular starch (containing 10%w/w moisture) by pressurized hot air can also be carried out using ethylene oxide [26]. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. 0000004882 00000 n The degree of cross-linking of phosphorylated starch determines the swelling ability of the modified starch. 0000007087 00000 n 0000009155 00000 n The modification of starch using different approaches such as oxidation, esterification and esterification is well documented in literature. Related Keywords: pharmaceutical uses of starch pdf, native starch pdf, medicinal uses of starch, starch in pharmaceutical excipient, pharmaceutical applications of native starch in conventional drug delivery, drugs containing starch, native starch Wikipedia, starch in medication, Plastic Containers for Pharmaceutical Use, Drug Product faking: Methods for Testing Counterfeit Drugs, Your email address will not be published. "We attempted to purchase the Orbis product line tooling in the past, but they were not ready to sell-until this year," said John Thompson, MFG Tray's President & General Manager . This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Based on their primary functions, excipients are classified into two categories as follows: Those which principally affect the compressional characteristics of the tablets: diluents (fillers), binders (adhesives), lubricants, glidants, anti-adherents. RNQ@pEC"& Contact our London head office or media team here. The occurrence of large-sized grains in the granular structure exposes starch to external factors, thereby enhancing modification. 0000038052 00000 n The process of tableting requires that all the ingredients are fairly dried, powdered (or granulated) to form uniform particle sizes, with good content uniformity to ensure delivery of the right dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Starches are used in the pharmaceutical industry for a wide variety of reasons, such as an excipient, a tablet and capsule diluent, a tablet and capsule disintegrant, a glidant, or as binder. Within the semi-crystalline shells, crystalline and amorphous lamellae are found with a periodicity of about 9-10 nm as revealed by X-ray diffraction investigations ( Prez & Bertoft, 2010 ). <<1267BCD4D7C9604DADCC5C1785DCF265>]>> Starch can be degraded by pregelatinization. Moreover, the reduction in the number of hydroxyl groups due to the chemical modification increases the hydrophobicity of the starch. The esterification can be carried out in the presence of acetic acid as an activator or with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium hydroxide as the activator [13]. trailer Starches are typically derived from corn or potato. 1 Today, medicines are available in many dosage forms including tablets, capsules, oral liquids, topical creams and gels, transdermal patches, injectable products, implants, eye products, nasal products, inhalers and suppositories. Cassava, corn and potato starch were, after storage at various conditions of temperature and relative humidity, mixed with a model drug phenacetin. Subsequently, the starch is becomes more fluid and the temperature at which it melts become lowered. What are the pharmaceutical uses of starch? Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. xref 0000000856 00000 n Performance & security by Cloudflare. Enzymatic modification of starch is hydrolysis of some part of starch into a low molecular weight of starch called maltodextrin, or dextrin using amylolytic enzymes (Miyazaki et al., 2006). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Dissolve starch powder in water and boil it in water bath, a viscous translucent jelly is formed. The most common approaches to chemical modification of starches for pharmaceutical use include oxidation, hydrolysis, esterification and etherification. A typical example of starch used for this purpose is rice starch. The most common approaches to chemical modification of starches for pharmaceutical use include oxidation, hydrolysis, esterification and etherification. 120 0 obj<>stream Starches are the most widely used excipients in dosage form development, but their use is enhanced by several modification methods (such as chemical degradation, physical alteration, enzymatic modifications or crystalline-genetic transformation), all aimed at restructuring the starch granules, thus ensuring that the reactive polymers are accessible to reactants. Uses of Starch/ Pharmaceutical Applications of Native Starch, 2. Scientific investigations suggest that this property can be improved by combining starch with other polymers such as chitosan, microcrystalline cellulose, flax cellulose nanocrystals etc. 0000007656 00000 n Second Edition illustrates how to develop high-quality, safe, and effective pharmaceutical products by discussing the latest techniques, tools, and scientific advances in preformulation investigation, formulation, process design, Like starches in general, potato starch is a naturally-occurring biopolymer in which glucose is polymerized into amylose and amylopectin, for-ming a densely-packed, semicrystalline, B-type structure. In conclusion, chemically modified starches have shown excellent potentials and are, thus, incorporated as core excipients in several pharmaceutical drug formulations. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. . Semi-solid pathway: this involves the chemical modification of native starch in form of a paste or gel. Experimental step up includes syringe pump, spinneret (hypodermic needle with blunt end 20-gauge), high voltage power supply (11 KV) and conductive collector unit which will be kept around . 0000010586 00000 n Starch is a well-known natural hydrophilic polymer, swelling agent, and gel-forming excipient that is largely used for various types of pharmaceutical formulations. 0000065459 00000 n *Address all correspondence to: adetunjioladapo@gmail.com. 0000061219 00000 n Chowdary et al. In 2011, Singh and Nath demonstrated the potential of acetylated moth bean starch as a carrier for controlled drug delivery of lamivudine tablets [15]. 0000151611 00000 n Synthesis of carboxymethyled starch involves initial activation of the native starch with aqueous sodium hydroxide in an organic slurry, followed by the reaction with monochloroacetic acid or its sodium salt. It is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. 0000051359 00000 n Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the Pregel Starch market. Pharmaceutical grade starch is a popular ingredient for use as both a binding agent in hard tablets as well as disintegrating agent in orodispersible formulations. Physicochemical Properties Continue Reading. Starch ethers with branched chains are usually produced through reactions with alkyl halides. The oxidant type, botanical origin of starch, and process conditions are all determinants of how effective the oxidation is. 0000064787 00000 n Starch is also metabolized for energy in plants and animals, and is used to produce a large number of industrial products. Excipients play a great role in ensuring that pharmaceutical dosage form meets the required specifications of quality approved by the relevant authorities. Others include modified tapioca starch and plantain starch. %PDF-1.4 % Its importance in the food sector lies in its ability to form gel in the presence of Ca2+ ions or a solute at low pH. Excipients form a larger bulk of the constituent of tablets and the presence of the excipients ensures, amongst other goals, that acceptable physical and mechanical properties of tablets are achieved. The biodegradable nature of starch, presence of certain functional groups and the granular structure (macroscopic) have contributed significantly to the chemical modifications that starch is susceptible to. materials used included the starches of white trifoliate yam, yellow trifoliate yam and rice extracted and purified following some established procedures (Young, 1984). Read Articles related to pharmaceutical uses of starch. 0000014890 00000 n How? As a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier, Modified Starch can be used in a wide variety of industries including: food production, beverage, pharmaceutical, and various other industries. During a past few decades, many attempts have been made to modify tapioca starch by physical and chemical processes. 0000026302 00000 n 0000006141 00000 n The use of different amino-alkyl agents, such as 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride, 2,3-(epoxypropyl), trimethylammonuim chloride, (4-chlorobutene-2)-trimethylammonium chloride, etc., in etherification is a major way of producing cationic starches with enhanced gelatinization behavior, pasting properties and solubility [6]. Starch is processed to produce many of the sugars in processed foods. Phosphorylated starch yielded a better result than native starch when Prosanthi and Rama incorporated it a disintegrant in Ziprasidone tablet formulations [22], while starches from various botanical sources with different amylose contents (way corn, common corn, Hylon V, Hylon VII and potatoe) were phosphorylated at pH 9.0 and 11.0 using reactive extrusion method prior to their use in the formulation of sustained release metoprolol tartrate tablets; these phosphorylated starches produced stronger hydrogels than the corresponding native starch [23]. Gums are the good coating agents used in pharmaceutical preparation for two purposes: (a) to protect the drug from degradation in specific part of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and (b) to sustain the drug release. CTS is highly hydrophobic but can be solubilized in acidied water. Zied Kanzaki. Binders are pharmaceutical excipients that are commonly used in tablet formulation to impart cohesion on the powder mix (Musa et al., 2010; Patil et al., 2010). Starch-based biodegradable polymers (SBBP), when used in bone tissue engineering scaffolds, can provide immediate structural support as a result of its good mechanical properties. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Starch in bone tissue engineering (TE), 11. Application Of Starch FOOD APPLICATION Used as thickening agent in sauces, gravies, pudding, salad dressings and pies. The esterification led to roughness on the surface of the starch particle with a subsequent increase in particles size. 0000001516 00000 n The use of epoxides in starch etherification can proceed in the absence of sodium hydroxide. : ;U@KOs_h 0000080674 00000 n 0000019175 00000 n We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. starch), a binder (such as corn syrup or starch), and sometimes a lubricant (such as magnesium state or polyethylene glycol). The Industrial market report offers a comprehensive guide to Drug release was better sustained when high amylose sodium carboxymethylated starch matrices were used in the formulation of oral acetaminophen tablets [29]. The hydrophobicity of starch is improved by the process of esterification, subsequently leading to improved thermoplasticity of the starch. It promotes fluid and electrolyte absorption and may add additional energy without increasing the osmotic load and also shorten the recovery period from diarrheal disease. Handbook-of-Pharmaceutical-Excipients 6th Edition. Starch modification by oxidation, which is one of the most common modification methods, involves oxidation of primary or secondary hydroxyl groups of the glucose units with formation of aldehyde or carboxyl groups. Maltose (4-O-~-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose) is used in pharmaceutical dispensing and in the production of non-digestible sweetener (maltitol). 0000080891 00000 n Modified starches are based on starch extracted from grains and vegetables, such as wheat, maize, potatoes. Such setbacks that have been linked to the unfavourable properties of native starch include poor solubility, poor flow properties and high hydrophilicity. industry; as drug fillers in the pharmaceutical industry; as binders in the packaging industry [3]. 0000008663 00000 n 0000005268 00000 n Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Compressed tablets still account for the most widely used oral solid dosage form due to their compactness, precision of doses and ease of administration and production. Corn starch BP and the experimental starches were fully pregelatinized using the method described by the British Pharmaceutical Codex (1979) and Herman et al. Starch as diluent/fillers/bulking agent, 4. This is carried out with the aid of acetic acid or acetic anhydride. as due to the formation of clear, thin film with greater flexibility and strength than that of the native starch [28]. It is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in large amounts in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava [3]. 64 67 Chemically modified starch enhances thermoplasticity, solubility and flow properties. Licensee IntechOpen. The disintegration ability of native starch is due to wicking and restoration of deformed starch particles on contact with aqueous fluid. 1. Pharmaceuticals Wheat gluten is a major ingredient used in making hard-shelled capsules. 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